Essay on American Airlines - 3778 Words

Table of Contents Abstract 3 Situation Analysis 3 Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats, and Opportunities 4 Re-Branding 6 Pricing Strategy 8 Service Marketers 9 Future 12 Summary 12 References 13 Abstract In this case study we will review the new strategic business plan of American Airlines, and how they are responding to changes in the marketplace to compete in the modern era. We will also analyze the advantages of rebranding efforts, the effectiveness of existing practices of the airline and how the airline may operate post merger with US Airways. By some measurements, the merger between American Airlines and US Airways will create the largest company in the world, thus positioning American Airlines to potentially become the most†¦show more content†¦A smaller airline is simple and can easily adapt to change. Smaller airlines field similar aircraft for interchangeability of maintenance workers and crew, they can quickly upgrade aircraft and they can easily adjust management, directly address minor issues and quickly respond to changes in the market place. While at a larger airline, bureaucracy slows these efforts, lengthily logistical and environmental issues prolong the ch ange process, what takes months for small airlines to adopt may take years for a large airline. In my time in the military I learnt a school of thought called the tenants of guerrilla warfare, I find it very similar to this circumstance (if theyre big and youre small, then youre mobile and theyre slow, youre hidden and theyre exposed etc etc). The threat of growing too large is a known issue that airlines like Southwest avoid by utilizing careful growth in their business plan. This new growth presents American Airlines to a new pool of customers, the untapped international community that has little knowledge of American Airlines and with the recent disasters of Air Asia and Malaysian Airlines the safety record of American is an advertising point that any flyer will greet with open arms. A complex marketing mix must be researched before entering a foreign market to ensure conditions like lifestyles, consumer behavior and political/legal environments can grant competitive position in the local market. (PeterShow MoreRelatedAmerican Airline2183 Words   |  9 PagesStrategic Management â€Å"American Airlines † Case Study Strategic Management Prepared By Fathi Salem Mohammed Abdulla 2009 37 Introduction American Airlines, Inc. (AA) is a major airline of the United States. It is the world s largest airline in passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size; second largest, behind FedEx Express, in aircraft operated; and second behind Air France-KLM in operating revenues. A subsidiary of the AMR Corporation, the airline is headquartered in FortRead MoreU.s Airways And American Airlines1125 Words   |  5 Pages On October 17, 2015, two of the largest airlines officially became one after two years of negotiations. These negotiations came under great scrutiny, whilst pulling one airline out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Continuing to use the American Airlines name, U.S Airways and American Airlines became the largest airline in the world. American Airlines was founded in the 1930’s, under the name of American Airways, after acquiring 80 small airline carriers (Koenig 2011), mainly used for mail servicesRead MoreHRM at American Airlines1470 Words   |  6 Pagescase examines the Human Resource Management system at American Airlines and its role in the airlines past and continued success. The case takes us through a time line from 1980 to 1992 of the company; of how the growth of the company was followed by changes in the strategy, changes in the HR policies at different time and finally their effect and impact on the employees and the company as whole. Events 1. 1978: Deregulations of the airline industry. 2. 1980: AAs growth plans called for ore planesRead MoreAmerican Airlines Financial Ratio1775 Words   |  8 PagesSummary of the Company American Airlines, Inc. (American) was founded in 1934 and is the principal subsidiary of AMR Corporation. American provides aircraft services to around 160 destinations around the world. American Airlines has connections to 3 regional carriers. Two carriers are owned by AMR (American Eagle and Executive Airlines). The third carrier is owned by a third party (Republic Airways Holdings) that has no connection to AMR. These regional carriers serve to connect feed fromRead MoreI Am Working For American Airlines1878 Words   |  8 Pagespaper explores American Airlines pit falls that made it behind in the market and it imposes the three principles that are used to reinforce and bring up the bankrupted Walton Works 2 by Peggy Sinclair through advises from Andy in the book Gung Ho! Turn on the People in Any Organization written by Ken Blanchard and Sheldon Bowls. American Airlines concentrates only on acquiring most of the routes to establish themselves leaving no option to the cus tomers in the market. American Airlines vision is toRead More American Airlines Essay641 Words   |  3 Pages American airlines is a corporation that exhibits all of the characteristics of a firm in an industry where good tactical management is the key to success. This company and its regional airline partner American eagle serve almost 250 cities around the world and operate more than 3600 daily flights. Its goal is to provide safe, dependable and friendly air transportation along with related services, making a great effort to transform any experience into a positive one. All of the services that thisRead MoreAmerican Airlines And Its Company Culture And Organizational Performance Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction An analysis will be done of American Airlines and its company culture and organizational performance. In February of 2013, American Airlines and US Airways announced the merging of the two companies into â€Å"The New American Airlines† (American Airlines, 2013). However, while mergers can create immense value for organizations, employees, and customers, they also pose specific challenges, particularly for the maintenance and strength of the organizational culture (Organizational BehaviorRead MoreAmerican Airlines Standards of Business Conduct Essay507 Words   |  3 PagesResponsible operation begins with a foundation of rigorous adherence to the highest standards of business ethics and compliance with the letter and the spirit of the law in everything that AA do and in every country in which they do business. American Airlines adopted Standards of Business Conduct that apply to all employees, no matter where they work around the world. These Standards also apply to all agen ts, consultants, contractors and others when they are representing or acting for the companyRead MoreEssay about American Airlines Competitive Strategy822 Words   |  4 Pages Evaluate American’s 1992 announcement of a new rate structure: a. What changes did American make? American Airlines (American) made four fundamental changes to its rates. First, it moved to a four-tier rate structure; American offered first-class rates and three tiers of coach: full-fare, 21-day advance purchase and 7-day advance purchase. Overall, it expected to reduce coach fares by 38% and first-class fares by 20% to 50%. Though full fare coach prices dropped by about 38%, advance-purchase faresRead MoreAmerican Airlines Flight 1572 Crash Analysis2986 Words   |  12 PagesThe Accident On November 12, 1995, an American Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-83 type passenger aircraft, which was operating as Flight 1572, departed from Chicago O’Hare International (ORD); however, the aircraft got substantially damaged due to impact to the top of oak trees on Peak Mountain Ridge in East Granby, Connecticut. The aircraft also hit the Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer antenna, which was on its way to Runway 15 of Bradley International Airport (BDL). The aircraft, lastly

Business Opportunities At The United States Of America

According to investopedia.com, â€Å"If the recession have proven anything, it’s that even corporate giants have to think outside the box to stay afloat. These companies show that with patience, innovation and occasional brutal change, you can beat recession and come away with a profit even during the roughest times.† An entrepreneur is someone who manages to open a business with a lot of risk and initiative. The United States of America have had very bad economic conditions for the past few years and now we are still recovering. Not only bad things come when the economic conditions of a country are bad, there are also good things. For example, entrepreneurs can get a good start from the recovery, take advantage of the opportunities and consider the entrepreneurial landscape. There are several business opportunities that I see now that may not have existed 5 years ago; app developer, sustainability expert and social media manager. One of the business opportunities that I see now that may not have existed 5 years ago, is the app developer, which brought a lot of new jobs in the technology world. There are several smartphones that were introduced around 2007; for example, the iPhone and the Android. These smartphones brought the revolution in the app world. Since their existence, millions and millions of apps are in the market in stores like App Store and Android’s Google Play. The statistics show that Apple made revenue of $15 billion because of all the mobileShow MoreRelated Immigration to the United States Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesImmigration to the United States Works Cited Not Included Immigration to the United States has been happening since the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock in 1492. America is one of the most diverse nations in the world, attracting people from every corner of the globe in hopes of a better way of life. 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Challenges & Level Of Effective Management Decision-Making @Ikea

Question: Discuss about the Challenges Ikea Faced in the Global Market. Answer: Introduction Ikea is currently facing high competition from new companies which have ventured into the furniture business. Most of the newly developed companies mimic Ikea furniture designs to create more competitive products. Ikea has developed more cooperate strategies to add value to the production of their furnitures to keep up with the competition in the international. Ikea embraces adoption of cultural preferences as a cooperate strategy in different geographical locations to upgrade the current design of its furnitures to satisfy customers preference. Nevertheless, Ikea uses price factor as one of the best competitive strategies to outshine its competitors in the international market. Its furniture is known worldwide to be affordable to individuals of a different class. Other than that, the company is always creating new innovations to develop unique and classy furniture as a competitive strategy to make more sales to its clients. Ikea also uses operational strategies to locate resources u sed to develop their furniture by identifying cultural practices embraced in different geographical regions and implementing them to their furniture designs. This three strategy has enabled Ikea to manufacture furniture that meets their customers preferences in different regions worldwide and stand out in the dynamic consumer market. Evaluation the Differing Strategic Management Capabilities Ikea uses its internal capabilities, external capabilities and ceasing activities to incorporate strategies which make its furniture outstanding in the competitive furniture industry. The company focuses on market research by identifying consumers interest on culture embraced in the different geographical region to improve the design of its furniture. Ikea has managed to build and recombine its internal capabilities to develop more new furniture designs that stand out in the global market. (Lutz, 2015). The company relies on its R D (Research and development) department to create new designs that make Ikea's furniture give their customers a thrilling experience to enjoy comfort and ability to have high-quality furniture at an affordable price. Ikea uses price factors as a leveraging capability to stand out from its competitors. It's furnitures are sold at a relatively cheaper price compare to what its competitors offer in the international market. Nevertheless, the company embraces stretching its capabilities to build new products depending on cultural needs of clients from different geographical locations. Ikea can better stretch and leverage its resources by using its external capabilities i.e. production of modern and classy furniture at an affordable price. (Rodrigo, 2015). The company has an alliance with reputable clients to supply them with cheap high-quality raw materials to develop their furniture at a low price. This fact reduces the production cost of developing new furnitures and enables Ikea to get more profits out of selling the newly developed modern furniture. Levels of Effective Management Decision-making IKEA can manipulate and stretch its resources to the benefit of the organization by implementing the six level of management decision-making strategies to expand its business in the international market. The levels of effective management decision-making strategies include, co-operating level strategies, stability strategy, and competitive strategy. (Businessays, 2016). Cooperate Level Strategies Cooperate level strategies involve the management team making effective decisions regarding the direction of the business. The management team identifies threats affecting the business and growth objective strategies to meet consumers needs. Effective cooperate strategies to be used in IKEA strategic plan focuses on direction or growth strategy. The growth objective for IKEA furnitures is to open more branches worldwide. Effective growth strategies are classified into the concentration of a particular industry (furniture industry) or diversification on the same industry. This concept is practically applied in regions that embrace different social and cultural practices. For instance, IKEA branch in China should concentrate on the available furniture design that they developed by incorporating the Chinese culture in the production of modern furniture. However, in U.S.A, Europe, and Africa, the company needs to diversify in the development of unique furnitures that suits the cultural practice of individuals in those geographical regions. The most effective strategy to boost sales of their furnitures involves studying the cultural practices embraced on their newly formed branch and improve on their furniture current design to meet consumers needs interns of taste and preference. (Lutz, 2015). Concentration strategy is divided into two sub-categories; horizontal and vertical growth. Vertical integration is an ideal strategy to IKEA because its products are well known to be the most competitive in the consumers market. This strategy can be used when IKEA opens new markets in different countries where there is little competition from companies producing similar products i.e. furniture. The company is expected to make most sales of its products before competitors start mimicking their furniture designs. Horizontal growth is another strategy that can help IKEA make the significant growth of sales of its products within different geographical locations. This strategy involves the study of companies that offer similar services in a new geographical area. Ones the management team learns the culture, taste, and preference of consumers in a newly opened market, the company should work on a strategy to develop furniture of the same standards offered by competitors on their new location and use their unique raw materials to design and diversify the quality of their newly developed furniture. Individuals will purchase any unique product that suits their consumer needs. This strategy will generate more sales for IKEA furnitures in new branches opened in different countries. Stability Strategy Stability strategy is used when IKEA develops more competitive furnitures or when the company opens a new branch in a new geographical region. Stability strategy is used for a specified period of time to monitor the performance of the new product developed or monitor the performance of the business in a newly formed branch. If the business is doing well, the company can plan a secondary strategy for growth and expansion. However, if the newly designed furnitures or a newly opened branch is not generating good sales, the company can study a SWOT analysis of factors affecting the business and improve on their threats and weaknesses. There are three elements of stability strategies that affect the productivity of a business. They are; pause then proceed, no change and take profits while you can. (Twarowska, 2013). Pause then proceed stability strategy is used when a business needs a time-out to cater for special consumers need. IKEA can use this strategy when they get bulk orders needed urgently by co-operate clients. Ones they have cleared all the urgent orders, the company can proceed with its growth production strategy. If the business is doing well in an existing or a newly formed branch, IKEA can use no change strategy to continue production of its furnitures until further notice. This strategy is applicable in regions where there is no or little competition. In areas where there is high competition from competitors, IKEA can use take profits when you can strategy. When its competitors begin to manufacture similar products, the company can then develop more new products after making the massive sales from a specific product. Competitive Strategy The competitive strategy also affects decision making for business. IKEA has competitive furniture design that outshines most of its competitors in the global market. The competitive strategy involves a business formulating the best price for their products to outshine price offered by its competitors in the consumers market. The three main price theories that affect IKEA sales in the international marker are overall price cost, differentiation and price focus. Overall price cost is affected by the cost of production. The company can reduce the cost of production by making a good deal with the supplier of their raw materials to get a competitive price when purchasing bulk products to manufacture their furniture. This strategy will lower the total production cost. Product differentiation affects the price of furniture sold to the consumer market. Some clients love classy furniture. In this case, IKEA can create a price strategy to develop unique modern furniture design at a higher pri ce compared to the normal design to satisfy their consumer needs. Buyers will pay more for any substance that is of high quality. Price focus depends on the location where a business is established. This can be measured using economic performance of a given country. IKEA can adapt this strategy when opening new branches all over the world. The cost of production influence price focus. Self- Awareness, Openness, and Sensitivity to Diversity Environment Self-awareness, openness, and sensitivity to culture, ethical business, and responsible management issues are key factors that are affecting growth and development of IKEA. The business has embraced incorporation of dynamic cultural practices in the development of its furniture in the international market. The embrace of culture in product development enables the structures of its furniture to have a distinct class that satisfies consumer need in different regions across the world. The production team of Ikea is always working on improving their current innovations depending on consumers want and desire. In rare occasions, clients come up with their own design and request the company to incorporate their distinct ideas to build them unique and modern furniture. IKEAs production team has highly sophisticated machinery and professional carpenters who are in a position to develop any furniture design ordered by clients. This fact enables the company to outshine its competitor interns of delivering high-quality furniture to their clients. Ikea strategic plan is to reach everyone in different geographical locations. This dream is achievable considering price strategy they embrace to sell their furniture at a low price. Approach of Corporate Social Responsibility of IKEA to Increase Awareness Cooperate social responsibility affects the, suppliers, customers, investors, employees and the community that uses furnitures manufactured by IKEA. (Stolba, 2009). Cooperate social responsibility can be defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis" (Commission of the European Communities 2001). IKEA holdings have managed to improve in its CRS depending on the branches of its operational services. It's targeted consumers at the moment are individuals of age group (22 50) years. Most of working class teenagers have a consistent cash flow. They are always willing to spend their money to purchase classy household goods for their homes. IKEA uses this strategy to build furnitures that satisfy the needs of this group of individuals which intern generates profitable returns to the company. Other than that, Ikea is thriving to offer additional services s uch as door delivery of their furnitures to easily accessible areas to their clients. A competitive advantage of the production process of furnitures of Ikea is, furnitures is their production process is environmentally friendly. (Dudovskiy, 2012). Other than that, Ikea offers its employees safe workstations and also offer them good healthcare plan. The company has also managed to offer job opportunities to individuals and improved local infrastructure of different social class globally. Nevertheless, Ikea contributes to the plantation of more trees in different geographical locations annually to compensate on the trees they cut to manufacture their furnitures. How can Ikea assess its Performance and use Suitable Strategies? Ikea can access its performance over specific branches by doing a gap analysis of sales generated on a monthly basis or annually. Such data are stored in the invoices billed to the finance department. Data found in the invoices should be recorded on the ERP of the company. Ones a constant flow of data is created, the presentation can be made to the management team through the ERP. The management team is expected to study which type of furniture are being sold the most as per the data recorded in sales of products in the international market. The research team is then expected to go out in the market and conduct a research on the alternative style of furniture design that their competitor companies offer to clients. Ones the company identifies its strengths and weaknesses, IKEA can incorporate the use of competitive strategy to maintain its strengths and improve on its weaknesses to outshine its competitors. The company can develop more comprehended furniture design by mimicking other competitive designs in the market and maintaining its originality taste by using its distinct high-quality raw products to manufacture more competitive products. The marketing team is then expected to conduct a research of price offered by other competitive companies and come up with the best price for their newly developed furniture to boosts sales of their furniture in the consumers market. Conclusion and Recommendation Successful businesses are developed by formulating and implementing the best business strategies in the market. A continuous study of SWOT analysis helps a company to plan future prosperous objectives that enable a company to survive competition from the national and international market. IKEA has more opportunity to expand its business in developing and other developed countries. An effective market research will enable IKEA to build successful strategies to cover cultural and social effects that might affect their business in new locations. We have learned from the essay above that effective strategic planning not only boost the sales and performance of IKEA business but also reduces the cost of production. Low cost of production helps the company to create a competitive price strategy for their furniture which makes their products easily affordable to individuals of the different social background. Reference Lindgreen, A., (2017). Ikeas Road to Corporate Social Responsibility. (Online) Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/6069300/IKEA_s_road_to_corporate_social_responsibility Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Chu, V., Girdhar, A., Sood, R., (2013). Couching Tiger Tames The Dragon. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/lbs-case-study/how-ikea-adapted-its-strategies-to-expand-in-china/story/196322.html Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Stolba, A., (2009). Ikeas Failure and Success on the Japanese Market. (Online) Retrieved from: https://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/7566/Afhandlinger Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Chew, J. (2016)., Ikea Is Facing Huge Problems In This Important Country. (Online). Retrieved from: https://fortune.com/2016/02/24/ikea-india-rules/ Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Milne, R., (2013). Ikea Faces Cultural Challenge As Flat-Pack Empire Expands. (Online) Retrieved from: https://www.ft.com/content/83389238-5819-11e3-82fc-00144feabdc0 Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Lutz, A. (2015)., Ikea's Strategy For Becoming The World's Most Successful Retailer. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.businessinsider.com/ikeas-strategy-for-success-2015-1 Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Rodrigo, (2015). Global Marketing: An Analysis of Ikea and Ashley Furniture Industries Marketing Activities in the Furniture Market. (Online). Retrieved from: https://writepass.com/journal/2015/03/global-marketing-an-analysis-of-ikea-and-ashley-furniture-industries-marketing-activities-in-the-furniture-market/ Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Businessays, (2016). Logistics and Operations Management of Ikea Company. (Online) Retrieved from: https://businessays.net/logistics-and-operations-management-of-ikea-company/ Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Door natural, (2008). Ikea Case Study. (Online). Retrieved from: https://thenaturalstep.nl/ikea/ Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Dudovskiy, J., (2012). Ikea. (Online) Retrieved from: https://research-methodology.net/ikea/ Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Twarowska, K., (2013). International business strategy- reasons and forms of expansion into foreign markets. (Online). Retrieved from: https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-349.pdf Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017. Business Case Studies LLP. (2015)., SWOT Analysis And Sustainable Business Planning: An Ikea Case Study. (Online). Retrieved from: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/ikea/swot-analysis-and-sustainable-business-planning/#axzz4Vv68ALDb Retrieval Date: 16th01/2017.

Organizational Behavior Class Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

Language can impact teamwork even when all those involved are native talkers of the same linguistic communication. In a multicultural squad. cultural differences create obstructions to effectual teamwork. The four barriers are: 1. ) direct vs. indirect communicating wherein some squad members use direct and expressed communicating while others use indirect communicating like inquiring inquiries alternatively of indicating out the job which can be seen as misdemeanor of certain communicating norms of a peculiar civilization ; 2. ) problem with speech patterns and eloquence – those who are non fluid in the team’s dominant linguistic communication may hold trouble pass oning their cognition which can forestall them from utilizing their expertness and create perceptual experiences of incompetency ; 3. ) differing attitudes toward hierarchy – squad members from hierarchal civilizations expect to be treated otherwise harmonizing to their position in the organisation. F ailure of some members to honour those outlooks can do humiliation or loss of stature. and credibleness ; and 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Class Case Study Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) conflicting decision-making norms wherein members vary on how rapidly they make determinations and on how much analysis they require beforehand. Person who prefers to do determinations rapidly may turn frustrated with those who need more clip to make up ones mind. ( Brett. Jeanne ; Behfar. Kristin ; and Kern. Mary C. ) However. cultural linguistic communication challenges are manageable if directors and squad members choose the right schemes and avoid enforcing single-culture-based attacks on multicultural state of affairss. The four schemes are: 1. ) version which is admiting cultural spreads openly and working around them ; 2. ) structural intercession which is altering the form of the squad by making smaller working groups of assorted civilizations ; 3. ) managerial intercession which is puting the norms early or conveying in a higher-level director to intercede ; and. 4. ) issue scheme which is the remotion of a squad member when other options have failed but this should be taken as a last redress. Situational conditions shall be considered in implementing the appropriate scheme. There should be a grade of flexibleness in managing challenges with multicultural squad members. ( Brett. Jeanne ; Behfar. Kristin ; and Kern. Mary C. ) Conflicts still originate even when all those involved in a squad are native talkers of the same linguistic communication. In this instance. interpersonal communicating accomplishments should be applied. Jack Gibb postulates a theory of communicating climes runing from supportive to defensive. where a supportive clime encourages openness and the exchange of thoughts with a feeling of trust. A defensive clime. on the other manus. stifles the communicating procedure as squad members tend to retreat instead than put on the line sharing their thoughts for grounds of rational bullying. Defensive comments cause bitterness or dislocations in communicating. On such instances. traditional rules of supervising can originate or reenforce defensive climes. If supervisors become cognizant of the elements involved in both supportive and defensive climes and how these affect communicating. they can so understand their subordinates’ reactions and seek to advance echt unfastened communicating. ( Beck. C. E. ) The team’s ability to utilize the version procedure can be strengthened by furthering a on the job environment wherein cultural differences are valued. This can be done by promoting an unfastened treatment of cultural backgrounds ; by extinguishing signifiers of laterality like hierarchy. map. race. gender. etc. that may suppress the squad member’s full part ; and. by instantly admiting and deciding the inevitable tensenesss that arise when employees from different backgrounds portion thoughts and emotions. ( Thomas. David A. and Ely. Robin J. ) Team members can besides beef up their version accomplishments by developing their cultural intelligence by cognizing how their other squad members think ; larning their wo nts and idiosyncrasies ; and. understanding their civilization. ( Earley. P. Christopher and Mosakowski. Elaine. ) Language. therefore. is an of import component for teamwork in an organisation. By non interrupting the barriers of communicating. particularly in multicultural groups. there can be no existent teamwork. And when there is no teamwork in an organisation. accomplishing ends and marks will be hard. Plants Cited Beck. Charles E. â€Å"Creating a Climate for Teamwork† .Air University Review.May-June 1985.21 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ieeexplore. ieee. org/xpl/freeabs_all. jsp? tp= A ; arnumber=347519 A ; isnumber=80 46 gt ; . Beck. Charles E. â€Å"The Open-Door Policy: Communication Climate and The Military Supervisor† .Air University Review.May-June 1985.21 March 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. airpower. gold. af. mil/airchronicles/aureview/1985/may-jun/beck. hypertext markup language gt ; . Brett. Jeanne ; Behfar. Kristin ; and Kern. Mary C. Managing Multicultural Teams. Business Review. 2006. Earley. P. Christopher and Mosakowski. Elaine. Cultural Intelligence. Harvard Business Review. October 2004. Thomas. David A. and Ely. Robin J. Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity. Harvard Business Review. September 1996.