Constitutional Assignment

Introduction Interpretation of the Australian Constitution has undergone significant changes throughout Australia's Constitutional history. To highlight the number of different approaches, this paper will critique the method of constitutional interpretation used In Cole v Whitfield (â€Å"Cole†) with reference to the words â€Å"absolutely free† and compare it to the progressive approach in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner (â€Å"Rowe†). For completeness, this paper will outline any other major branches of interpretation not examined in Cole and Rowe.Then, the discussion will focus on the reasons for regressive as the preferred approach for interpreting the Constitution. Cole v Whitfield – Interpretative Method and Critique The High Court used originality in its interpretation of section 92 in its Judgment in Cole v Whitfield . Kirby defines originality as interpreting the constitution by ‘ascertaining what the words meant according to the original inte ntions of the founders'.Mason refer this as internationals (for the purpose of this paper, It will be referred as original Intent In the unanimous decision, the court overruled the view that â€Å"absolutely free† In section 92 of the Constitution protected a personal individual right of freedom In Interstate trade. Rather It means free trade between the states from measures characterized as ‘discriminatory and ‘protectionist. ‘ In aiding its interpretation, the court relied on historical materials to assist in determining the meaning of section 92 and contextual analysis to further validate their claim.To identify meaning of â€Å"absolutely free†, the court broke with tradition by using Convention draft and debate materials to support their reasoning. The high court said: ‘Reference to history may be made†¦ For the purpose of Identifying the contemporary meaning of language used, the subject to which that language was directed and the nat ure and objectives of the movement towards federation from which the compact of the Constitution finally emerged'.From these historical papers, the court looked at the surrounding circumstances leading up to federation to ascertain whether the purpose of the provision was in line with what they were trying to do; and that is to create a federal system that caters for a unified financial framework. From this, the court said the ‘purpose of the section is clear enough†¦ To create free trade amongst the Commonwealth and states like' and there can be no doubt that ass guarantees absolute freedom †¦ Room all interstate border duties Nevertheless, one of the major critiques of original Intent Is the ability to Identify the founders' Intention. To derive a meaning of the words â€Å"absolutely free† from historical materials predominantly relies on certain assumptions that are inherently flawed, namely ; materials are accurate and intention for unforeseen matters and the lack guidelines to source historical materials. The Convention debates are incomplete and inconclusive. More importantly, it does to include assumptions on how the federal system ought to operate within the common law.Griffith CO in Municipal Council of Sydney v The Commonwealth helpfully said of Convention Debates: ‘They are no higher than parliamentary debates, and are not to be referred to except for the purpose of seeing what was the subject-matter of discussion, what was the evil to be remedied, and so forth. ‘ Additionally, the majority in â€Å"Work Choice Case† observed that: ‘To pursue the identification of what is said to be the framers' intention, much more often than not, is to pursue a mirage.It is a mirage because the inquiry assumes that it is both possible and useful to attempt to work out a single collective view about what is now a disputed question of power, but then was not present to the minds of those who contributed to the debates . ‘ Furthermore, if we assume the Convention Debates are complete, there is no evidence to suggest the framers put in what they intended. The Convention Debate would involve different states coming together and agreeing to be regulated under one system of government.In that process, the states would argue the meaning of he provisions, which power they were prepared to give up and the ones they would sustain post federation. The result would at best be a compromise between their interests and subsequently cannot reflect their true intentions. This is evidenced in the Work Choice Case the majority found the Convention Debates reveal very little about what those who framed the Constitution thought would fall within or outside the power'.Even if we were to take it one step further and assume that the framers did expressed what they truly intended, it is near impossible for them to cater for unforeseen matters that arise in an ever changing society. An example is set in Work Choice Case where the court identified that corporations ‘in the economic life of Australia today is radically different from the place they occupied when the framers were considering †¦ Legislative powers†¦ ‘ and that it was impossible to attribute to them some intention about how this legislative power operates in respect of these or other subsequent legal, economic, and social developments'.Lastly, the validity of the historical materials is disputable insofar as the lack of deadlines on how these materials ought to be sourced. There is no clear historical procedure or method in place to ascertain framers' intention. Little comfort can be derived from getting a genuine intended meaning particularly in assessing which of the sources are relevant and which ones are reliable. This is again demonstrated in the Work Choice Case. This is problematic as differences in historical materials may lead to differences in Judicial views. meaning of the section 92 because it dra ws on the idea of a federal system; this impression is reinforced by the context provided by the surrounding provisions, ass-91 deal with fiscal charges and burdens†¦ Appearing in CHI IV of the Constitution which is headed â€Å"Finance and Trade. The court looked at the provision in context to what the purpose of federation and noted that the meaning of â€Å"absolutely free† has not changed, thus concluded that freedom is to mean free from discriminatory burdens in the protectionist sense between interstate trade and commerce .A major limit in making implications via contextual interpretation is that critique will say that it does not stay true to the text of the constitution. In response o this, it is maintained that the text of the constitution only takes on meaning when it is viewed in the context of the overarching structure and function of the constitution. ‘ A more detailed discussion on contextual analyses in discussed in Rowe below.Rowe v Electoral Commi ssioner (â€Å"Rowe†) In contrast to Cole whereby the whole court unanimously agreed on its interpretation approach, the Judgment in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner provides a range of different constitutional interpretation methods. The French Court has taken on a progressive approach in interpreting the words ‘directly chosen by the people' in sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution. Accordingly, it was held certain provisions in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 (Act) contravened sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution because the right to vote is democratic and is supported and protected by the constitution .Underpinning their progressivism interpretation of the constitution, the majority Judges relied on the implied meaning from the text of the constitution (contextual approach) based on accepted principles of the Constitution and authority of precedent cases. Progressivism (otherwise known as the â€Å"living tree† institutionalism), believes that the court sho uld construe the Constitution ‘so as to bring it into accord with modern needs and exigencies'.It is understandable why the French court opted for a progressivism approach because the words â€Å"chosen for the people† back in the sass would only mean those who were allowed to vote (this excluded women and Indigenous Australians) . The evolution of Australia's democratic society has significantly changed since 1901 as evidenced by Incitement and Jacobs J] in Mckinley and cited by French CO that the right to vote was subject to he common understanding of the time'.It is of the view of the writer that any other interpretation of methods used here could not possibly embrace the modern view of Australian democracy simply because the framers could not have foreseen how democracy evolved over time. Thus, it is not practical to apply a 1900 federation system to modern day society as evidenced by Dean J in Diaphanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd; â€Å"The Constitution must be construed as a â€Å"living force† representing the will and the intentions of all contemporary Australians, both women & men, and not as a lifeless declaration of the will and the intentions of men long since dead. Contextual constitution and the principles it was set up to uphold. ‘ With constitutional principles of representative government , democracy and federalism, firmly embedded into our legal system, the Judges relied on implication from the actual text of the Constitution. Thus, â€Å"chosen by the people† should be interpreted to mean creating a system of representative democracy because it is in the context of the Constitution that is aiming to set up .More precisely, the court viewed those words as an implied right to vote. Whilst Cole v Whitfield used contextual analysis, the difference here is with Cole, the implication was based on the structure of the Constitution and in Rowe, the implication was sought directly from the text and that the meaning accords with accepted principles of interpretation. These two kinds of implication are outlined by Mason C. J. In â€Å"Act's†.The majority Judgment relied on precedent to conclude the legislative curtailment of the right to vote is constitutionally invalid. All the members of the court relied on the test established in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (â€Å"Lange†) and relied upon in Roach. As stated by the High Court in Lange, the requirement set out in section 7 and 24 'embraces all that is necessary to effectuate the free election of representatives at periodic elections'.All of the Judicial consideration of the term â€Å"directly chosen by the people† supports the view that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution extend to an implied right to vote and this was substantiated by the authority of McKinley v Commonwealth , Mincing v Western Australia , Lang and Roach. It is important to note here, whilst this court relied on the precedent to aid in TTS interpretation, the court in Cole overruled nearly 88 years of law by reinstating the meaning of ass.The dissenting Judges Haynes J and Hoyden J preferred various versions of originality, which is slightly different to Cole v Whitfield internationalist approach. The former (Haynes J) found the ‘evolution of the concept of â€Å"representative government† could not evolve into a constitutional norm' as there was no text and structure' of it contained in the Constitution and the latter relied on what the words originally mean in the sass; that is, the question is what meaning skilled lawyers and other informed observers considered those words to bear in the sass' .He concluded that although suffrage at federation did not conform to modern values, this is not a reason to ignore what the means and applications of the word ‘chosen by the people' in the federation age were'. Is one of these methods of Interpretation preferable to any other? For the purpose of comple teness, there is another interpretative method that is not discussed above and that is Literalism. Craven describes literalism as interpreting the Constitution by their ordinary – that is their literal meaning.This is evidenced in the Engineers case whereby the court overturns the reserve state powers doctrine and held that the states only have residual power over matters in section 51 of the Constitution. The obvious advantage of literalism is that it is â€Å"objective† in the sense that Judges does not need to use external materials thus promotes certainty. The fundamental flaw in this approach firstly it ignores implications and secondly, the English language is by its very nature is ambiguous ambiguity can be overcome by using historical materials to determine the framers intentions.The critics will argue that intention is difficult to identify and does not cater for the progression of a nation . It is asserted here that originality and intentionality does have a role in constitutional interpretation albeit a small role. Sir Daryl Dawson in his (Intention and the constitution) states that original intent ‘provides a starting point for the determination of individual cases. ‘ Progressivism as defined in Rowe (above) allows the constitution to be interpreted to the needs of a contemporary society.One of the main critic of progressivism is that it is arbitrary even unelected Judges can ultimately state what the contemporary society views is. On a closer examination, this supposition is unfounded. Kirby argues that the constitution itself and the words in it create limits on Judicial interpretation. Furthermore he argues that the common law structure is there with a long history of precedents, which has been Written down.. Expositions been duly recorded.. To make up the great body of common law. That is, the Judges still need to work within the common law system in light of the Judgments that went before them.This is slighted in the Engineers case , whereby Knox q, Isaacs, Rich and Starker J said that the Constitution should be read ‘naturally in the light of the circumstances in which it was made, with knowledge of the combined fabric of the common law, and the statute law which preceded it'. The history, common law and text of the constitution itself represents the various constraints that Judges need to work with and thus, cannot be viewed as arbitrary. Conclusion Coles intentionality method of interpretation has many flaws inherent in its approach and by definition does not cater for our contemporary society.This is in contrast to Rowe which adopted a progressivism approach and interpreted the words contingent upon external factors such as the context of the words in the Constitution as a whole and the underpinning values of the modern system and its structural framework. It is likely that history may set the context for the words of the provision and provide a starting point for constitutional interp retation but progressivism is the preferred approach as it encapsulates the needs of a changing society and ensures the interpretation is current, practical and logical.

Employment and New Blood Essay

â€Å"More emphasis should be placed on the external supply of employees for meeting future needs because these employees bring new blood into the organization. This results in more innovative and creative ideas. † Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your response. Although there is enough data available to validate arguments made from both sides. One can presume that depending on which side of the gate debaters find themselves, it is more likely that their point of view will be biased. However it may be worthy to note that though external employees can indeed bring â€Å"new blood† to the organization, sometimes they can also bring bad blood, which can often contaminate the pool and create a hostile working environment. No one can inherently deny that from time to time a growing organization will definitely need to import an external supply of personnel. The health and profitability of the organization may warrant it. However passing up a legitimate opportunity to promote a deserving employee from within is my view totally unjustifiable and inexcusable. And there are many factors which prove that it may ultimately be beneficial for an organization to hire internally. â€Å"Is it Better to Promote From Within or Hire Externally? With limited resources, the best option is to promote from within. Doing so will save a considerable amount of time and money spent on recruiting. Also, by giving preference to internal staff, you’ll demonstrate that there are growth opportunities within your company – a factor that will motivate some employees to be more productive. Find a gem within your staff and, with proper training and incentives, he or she will pay dividends for years to come! www. businessfinancestore. com/2012/06/26/is-it†¦ Hiring from within is both time and cost effective. By hiring externally, you’ll have to advertise openings to prospective applicants. Unless you have a very reliable network or rely completely on websites that allow free posting, you’ll incur some expenses in the process. Internal recruitment reduces the cost of training the new blood about the different strategies of working in the organization as the person who is already working with the organization will already have the knowledge about the work that will be given to him when he will be promoted. No need to pay for job ads, take phone calls and emails from interested applicants and it will be easier to schedule interviews An argument can also be made that when it comes to profits, no financial gain can equate the benefits that an organization can reap from a boost in employee morale, especially if it is gained as a result of an internal promotion. It increases the incentives for your staff to do a good job. Employees will have more of a reason to stay with your company. Employees may begin to resent you if you habitually hire external employees. And once word gets out that there aren’t many (or any) growth opportunities in your organization, this could also hurt your recruiting efforts. Hiring internally also builds loyalty among the employees: with the help of the internal recruitment the organization will be able to gain the loyalty of the employee who is working with the organization. As he/she will be aware that the organization knows about the worth of the person because of which he/she is being promoted and will also encourage other employees to prove their worth to the organization. It ensures the stability from continuity of employment: Internal recruitment helps in creating the stability and the continuity of the employees of the organization, as they will be encouraged to work hard to gain the status that they look forward to which will help in attaining the stability of the employees. So, to conclude we can say that the internal recruitment is the best way to motivate people within the organization to work hard towards the organizational goals and will also reduce the cost and time that is being spent on the procedure to select the new blood from outside for working in the organization.

‘Eve Teasing’- a Social Curse

‘Eve Teasing in Bangladesh' -Causes and Remedies Introduction: Our Society is suffering from many social evils at the moment. One of the worst evils is the Eve Teasing. Now Eve teasing is one of the main threats for Bangladesh because it is destroying the social balance. Eve teasing is a euphemism used for public sexual harassment, street harassment or molestation of women by men, with Eve being a reference to the biblical Eve. It usually involves young men annoying girls or women by making sexual innuendos in public or in work places.School and College gates or the street is the main target of the wayward young men to disturb girls and women. Eve teasing begins as an attempt to irritate a girl or catch her attention. A lewd stare, a sly whistle, a well-timed clap, an unwarranted bump, a seemingly causal touch, a lingering look at a vulnerable time, the humming of suggestive song, passing downright uncouth comments, cheap gestures, display of indecent snaps or videos, giving â €Å"unwelcome call† or â€Å"missed call†, sending indecent texts †¦. all these are typical examples of eve teasing. Impacts of Eve Teasing: Eve teasing might seem harmless ‘fun' to some, but gets the nerve of the victims. The severe impact of eve teasing is taking away the lives of young girls as Bangladesh has witnessed recently. Based on empirical study (2008) the Hunger Project has identified some impacts of eve teasing in the society of rural Bangladesh. These are: a) Curtailed education: Sexual harassment increases girls’ drop-out rate from school.Parents concerned about their daughter's honour or safety sometimes keep their daughters home and/or marry them off at an early age. b) Early marriage: Girls who are teased or harassed are also pushed into marriage, before they are physically or mentally prepared. c) Hindered development: Eve teasing contributes to maintaining the low status of women. It also hinders women in participating in the forma l employment sector. d) Suicide cases: Teasing the young tender-hearted girls is increasing sharply day by day. The outcome is the serial suicide of many innocent girls.Ain-O-Shalish Kendra (ASK), a human rights organization has revealed that 14 girls and women, due to repression of stalkers, opted for ultimate destiny of their lives finding no other alternatives, over the past four months. Moreover, girls and their guardians are being attacked and sometimes murdered, because they protested against it. Causes: In a male dominant society like ours, eve teasing can be viewed as a rite of passage for boys on their way to becoming men. To the society, in general, being male signifies ‘powerful', while the female is always a ‘second sex' or weaker one.Our education has no moral stint, our religious exercises have become ritualistic. Electronic media, especially some movies (both Hindi and Bengali) may be blamed for propagating eve teasing. Many movies depict scenes of teasing , showing this behaviour as a way to win a woman's heart. One statistics suggests, 32% of the eve teasers are students, 35% are anti-socials while 33% are middle-aged men. So, the spectrum of eve teasers is very wide starting from teenagers to middle-aged men, either illiterate or educated. In our country, yet now there is no strict law that can effectively curb eve teasing.Article 76 of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police Ordinance 1976 of the Penal Code of 1860 affirms that any acts, conducts or verbal abuses that are used to disgrace women are punishable by law. However, these provisions seem minor compared with the crimes they commit. Sometimes, women are blamed for ‘alluring' eve teasers by their ‘seductive' dresses or make-ups. But the reality is, the majority girls who become the prey of eve teasers are from rural areas and they are more conservative in wearing dresses compared with their counterparts in the urban areas. Remedies: First of all we need to reduce the gend er segregation in the society.The boys should respect the opposite sex, as morality demands it, adding that they should not be unaware to the fact that they have families too. We also need to formulate a mass awareness programme in this context. Media, NGOs and other social organizations may play pivotal role in this respect. Policemen must be deployed and conscious and should punish such vagabonds where necessary. â€Å"Mobile courts† are now empowered to prosecute the crime of â€Å"Eve teasing†. Conviction brings a year in jail, a fine of $70, or both. Recently, the government is planning to introduce a strict law against eve teasing.No doubt, this is a timely step to move forward Conclusion: What we see happening today cannot be remedied by the application of law alone. What is needed most is the proactive and forceful role of the society to retrieve social and moral values which have eroded over the years. Education Ministry in Bangladesh has designated 13 June, 2 010 as Eve Teasing Protection Day. To reduce this crime, we must launch a social movement against this in addition to introducing punitive legal measures. However, all the steps will be futile unless the male segment of the society change its patriarchal mindset.

Auroas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Auroas - Essay Example The subject of these auroras and related issues such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are of great significance and importance, and in order to come to a clearer and more knowledgeable understanding of these issues, the related information must be addressed thoroughly. The aim of this paper is to discuss all of this, as well as explain how each of the sub-subject matters are related and correlated. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Auroras are caused by high energy particles from the solar wind that are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. These particles, as they spiral back and forth along the magnetic field lines, come down into the atmosphere near the north and south magnetic poles where the magnetic field lines disappear into the body of the Earth. "The delicate colors are caused by energetic electrons colliding with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. This excites the molecules, and when they decay from the excited states they emit the light that we see in the aurora." (Csep, n.d.). More intricately, the sun sends a constant stream of charged particles, known as a solar wind, into space; then these energized particles interact with a protective magnet shield that shrouds the planet Earth. The Earth's magnetosphere is a sort of shield, which is made up of invisible lines that radiate out into space from the northern and southern poles. The charged particles squeeze the magnetic field into a teardrop shape, and "In the magnetosphere, researchers say, the interaction creates electric fields and electromagnetic waves that transfer their energy to electrons, which then plunge into the atmosphere." (Britt, 2000). "The aurora varies in intensity from brightness equal to that of the Milky Way up to the equivalent of a full Moon," says climatologist Jan Curtis, who photographs auroras from his home in Alaska. "Colors range from mostly greens to reds, and take on the forms of discrete rays, homogenous brands and arcs, or diffuse glowing clouds. Their movement can be stationary, or zip across the entire sky in seconds." (Britt, 2000). Primary auroral particles have energies between few tens eV and few hundred keV, being higher on the nightside than on dayside. Some of them are even accelerated in the field-aligned direction, which indicates the presence of a special auroral acceleration region. "It can be shown that for 2 keV (100keV) electrons the maximum ionization rate occurs at the altitude of about 130 km (85 km)." (Space, 1998). Whereas the average ionization potential of atoms and molecules is about 15 eV, some experimental data show that fast electrons and protons produce one ion-electron pair per 36 eV, and some excess energy is also left for the product electron; this is what leads to electron heating when the energy is being distributed through and among the ambient electron gas. Auroras are considered to appear as "a glow observed in the night sky, usually the polar zone." (Wikipedia, 2006). It is for this reason that some scientists call auroras 'polar auroras' or 'aurora polaris'. In more northern of latitudes, this occurrence is known as 'aurora borealis', which is Latin for

Department of the U.S. Army Culture Analysis Paper Research

Department of the U.S. Army Culture Analysis - Research Paper Example All these are the visible of organizational culture, but sometimes it is difficult to interpret. In most cases, behavior and artifacts portray what a group is doing but it cannot give the reasons why they are doing it. The next level of organizational culture is the values. Values determine the behaviors, but they are not visible or observable like the behaviors. There is a great difference between the operating and stated values. Many people and organizations attribute their behaviors to stated values (Schein 103). Assumptions and beliefs grow from the values up to the point where they are taken for granted and dropped out of awareness. People may be unable to articulate or unaware of the assumptions and beliefs, which forms their deepest level of culture. For better understanding of culture, it is important for one to understand the three levels of an organizational culture, which is not an easy task. Another difficult task when studying organizational culture is cultural or group unit, which owns the culture. An organization may be having many different cultures or subcultures or even absents of specific or dominant culture in the organization. It is important to recognize the group or cultural unit for one to identify and understand the culture. Organizational cultures are created, maintained, and even transformed by people. Part of the organizational culture is created and maintained by leadership in the organization. Leaders who are in the executive positions are responsible in articulati ng core values, specifying norms and generating and re-infusing ideologies in an organization. Organizational values indicate or express certain outcomes or certain behaviors in an organization. Organizational norms express those behaviors, which are accepted by others by others in the organization. Organizational norms are the acceptable ways of pursuing goals through a cultural means. Leaders or executives establish rules or parameters

Different internet service providers (ISPs) Essay

Different internet service providers (ISPs) - Essay Example Other providers such as satellite ISPs have their strengths in being alternatives to lack of internet service providers in certain areas, where they serve to meet client demands, but at high prices due to infrastructure needs, which is not the case for DSL, which is cheap, but with increase in speeds so does the cost. It is with these different ISPs that even Ethernet delivers high speeds that beat all the rest, but depending on the base and client needs meaning that Ethernet ISPs are favorable towards clients who need high speed internet for file transmission and reception. Introduction Different ISPs have different qualities of services, which are as diverse as their services and speeds, as well as their reliably, where each ISP has its own quality threshold. With this in mind, evaluation of different ISPs and how they work, as well as their technologies need to be reviewed in order for a subscriber to make the best decision in choosing a provider. Ethernet Ethernet, for most users uses technology from Gigabit LAN, where LAN stands for Local Access Network and the network uses a high speed connection from one internet hub to another and to other computers. As such, the technology implements a number of protocols that are required to ensure that traffic is communicated as needed, where there are two bases for Ethernet. The first one is the base 10 and the second is base 100, while there is even a third base that has come up in recent times, base 1000, and with each increase in the base, there is more throughput of data and information through the network (Smetannikov 2000, p.78). Different service providers supply internet to different clients at different localities where Ethernet is supplied according to the demands of the client. As such, clients from recent times have made use of the base 1000 model to increase their throughput and even plan for future requirements as some providers are only consistent with the base 10 model. Consequently, the Ethernet int ernet providers make use of multiple base hubs to supply internet signals on different bases so that at any given time they are up to speed and meet the requirements of different clients. This happens especially in research laboratories that transmit and receive large amounts of data, making them targets for ISPs that use Ethernet for supply. The main problem with this type of ISP is the small size of the frame it uses, which in turn hampers throughput at high speed. ISPs of this nature provide the hardware or services that use small frames in data transmission, which result in wastage of clock cycles in the CPU, which is a negative consequent. However, if well managed with the knowledge of some of these internet service providers, then the throughput can be increased by moving larger files to allow for larger frames rather breakdown of information for transmission. The prices at which internet service providers place for this technology is based on how old or new the technology in play is, as well as the throughput of information. It is also done based on the bandwidth allowed for the entire network and links to outside networks using the ISPs infrastructure, which means that all traffic is measured and billed by the ISP. Problems in the network arise from the use of cables which lead to dropped packets, and this can make

Christianity and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christianity and Human Rights - Essay Example The Christian faith has been very instrumental in ensuring that the universal human rights are respected and that everybody is born with a certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away from them. This means that everybody is equal irregardless of their races, color, sex and religion. Although Christianity has been cited by some people as being oppressive in various instances in the history, the role it has played in promoting human rights can be overly underestimated and this is because the religion from its inception have considered everybody as being created by one Supreme Being, God and that everybody is equal before the eyes of the lord (Tierney, 1997). However, the religion has also been culprit of gross human rights violation in various instances in history and especially the Pre-Christian period whereby some people were considered to have more rights than others. However, even at this time the religion still advocated for human rights in various aspects. The most import part to note is that the foundation that was laid by the religion have been very instrumental in today’s humanism and this can be evidenced by the fact that today’s secular humanism have adopted some of its aspects from Christianity (Jack, 2008). History Christianity has been very instrumental in furthering the ideology of universality and this means that since the Pre-Christian era to the modern time Christianity, the Christians have been very vocal in issues surrounding the human rights. In this respect, the Christians have also been involved in various issues that are concerned with human rights and this can be evidenced by various sentiments that have been aired by the Christians in various periods in the history. During the Pre-Christianity period the Jew advocated for the equality of all men (Richard Tuck, 1973). However, their views towards women were deeply discriminating and this can be attributed to the fact that their laws grossly violated the rights of the women. This can be evidenced by the various laws that were put in place whereby the women were not recognized as independent entities and they could not be allowed to attend some ceremonies and also perform some religious activities. All the leaders at that time were men and only few women assumed leadership roles. However, during that period, all people were considered to be created by God and with that came various inalienable rights which could not be violated by other people. In this period all people were considered equal before the eyes of God (Thomas, 2005). In the Christian period, all men were considered equal before the eyes of God and they were all considered to be the children of the almighty. During this period the rights of the women were also highly lobbied for and this was mainly through the teachings of Jesus Christ who asserted that all people were equal before the eyes of God irregardless of their sex, color or race. At this time, through the teachings of Jesus Christ even the slaves were deemed to have some rights and this meant that there was the promotion of the universality ideology. These sentiments however, were not felt by various races especially the Romans who deemed other races as inferior. This can be evidenced by the fact that the Romans being the ruling class enacted laws that were discriminative of other races especially the taxes. Still in this period there was gross abuse of human rights because there were people who were deemed as slaves and they were treated as inferiors (Elizabeth, 2005). In the Secular period, the human rights of all individuals have greatly been lobbied for by various organizations and this has played a very important role in ensuring that there is a gross protection of human rights. The secular world have deemed that every human being was born with a certain inalienable rights and these can be observed by the fact that such things as slavery were abolished and women have been afforded equality in various fronts as politics and

Organizational Communication Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Communication Issue - Essay Example However this form of change was not coordinated well throughout all the departments as team leaders had to manage employees possessing different skills and attitudes. In order to lead the departments through organizational change it is essential that all the team members are aware about the benefits associated with the change (Boxall and Purcell 97). This will help to set up a common vision for all the team members and reduce the barrier between team leaders and employees of Hi-Fli Fireworks. On the other hand, a participative leadership approach needs to be implemented in the system so that team members can contribute their innovative ideas regarding change taking place in the system. I would rather choose Jasmine as my team leader than George simply because she believes in giving the required opportunity to her team members so that they are able to bring forth creative ideas. The chaos theory which she believes in, states that, often creative ideas are born out of rich soil such as chaos. There are other qualities present in her that makes her the best team leader such as being a charismatic leader, believing on her team mates, facilitating more of self managed work, and giving more importance to individual imagination of team mates. Hence she will prove to be a good leader in the process since she is more inclined towards creative thoughts in comparison to traditional approach of management. Hi-Fli Fireworks has adopted the best approaches toward organizational change and the firm has even appointed experts belonging to different fields so as to lead the change. However in such a scenario where there are two different management styles and different interpretations toward champion roles it is obvious that some form of organizational conflict will result. In personal context, I would prefer to have an organization that is free of any such conflict (Mumby 45). The major reason behind such opinion is that conflict open results into

Men and masculinity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Men and masculinity - Research Paper Example Rationale of Research This research project hopes to assess the relationship between men and masculinity in the context of their significance to media and social context. For example, the aggression of men is feasible for media projects such as the television, newspapers and radio among others. Similarly, men can use masculinity in the shaping of news through modeling and fashion shows that attract the young clientele. In other words, there is the direct impact on the social context through interaction with men who walk with a masculine persona. Additionally, this is paramount in the advertisement world where the essence of pictures and body images translates to profits for companies (Ayers, 2008). In the same prospect, there is also the use of male power in reaching the female audience who get attracted to the masculine nature in their marriages. This is influential in defining social interactions such as marriage and relationships that looks up to men as the role models of their fa milies. On the other hand, in the media world, men use masculinity to set standards of excellence and moral good in helping young people to emulate the career as a profession of serious people. In the same view, men have the ability to manipulate the power of masculinity to win admiration in terms of upping the moral bar of society. Annotated bibliography Ayers, D. (2008). Bodies, bullets, and bad guys: Elements of the hardbody film. Film Criticism, 32(3), 41-58. According to Ayers in the above article, there are several connotations of male image in the film industry through the symbol of sex image. In the author’s view, the film industry banks on the masculinity of men in the depiction of bad boys who misuse girls, kill people, and do drugs among other vices in the community (Ayers, 2008). Additionally, there is also the relationship between high film ratings for the exposure of hard boy image to represent the alluring effect of masculinity and male power. Lee, T. (2002). V irtual violence in Fight Club: This is what transformation of masculine ego feels like. Journal of American and Comparative Cultures, 25(3-4), 418-423. DOI:10.1111/1542-734X.00059. However, in the perspective of Lee, masculinity according to most men is starting fights and stoking violence in clubs. This is mostly done as proof of bloated egos and pride that only demeans the maturity of men. Similarly, there is also a promotion of the wrong culture that violence is something noble especially if it is done by men to boost their egos (Lee, 2002). Alternatively, there is also the use of violence to gain sexual domination. Rosenburg, J. (2009). Circles in the surf: Australian masculinity, morality and grief. Critical Public health, vol. 19 issue 3-4 page 417-426. However, according to Rosenburg, there are several negative consequences of the promotion of masculinity among men in the moral sphere. For example, the display of masculinity erodes the moral standards of young people who assu me that physical power is the same as brain power. It also leads to misrepresentation that the use of masculinity among men is a direct symbol of domination in society over others (Rosenburg, 2009). This has hence resulted to broken morals and peer pressure among young Australians. Alilunas, P. (2009). "Male masculinity as the celebration of failure: The frat pack, women and the trauma of victimization in the "dude flick." Mediascape. On the other hand, according to

Midterm exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm exam - Essay Example were primarily formed to support the rebuilding processes of the nations and provide a world forum that can provide mediation. The central banks play critical role and national political and economic agenda main revolved around low interest rates, regulation of industries, labor unions to strengthen the business environment with the countries. Neo-liberalism, on the other hand, can broadly be defined in terms of emerging new economic paradigms in the changing socio-political scenario across the world that favors opening of domestic market for global business powers. But 1975 onwards, the world economy has increasingly become more market driven and trade across geographical regions has become more attractive to developed and developing countries. In the new-liberalism era, the economic conditions had drastically changed through de-regulation of industries, privatization and curb on union power. America came into the forefront of global political and economic front. With Ronal Reagan, as President of America in 1980, the demise of old economic order became a certainty. The role of central bank was significantly curbed and privatization became the major propellant of new economic order. The strong economy and advanced stature of United States, subsequently, made sure the success of US Dollars as Global Currency. This system greatly facilitated international trade and investment but restricted the capital movement so as to maintain certain extent of control by few dominant countries (Harvey, 2005). The advent of neo-liberalism primarily relied on economic liberalization. It promoted more capitalistic approach that favored the rich and made the poor nations as the scapegoat for getting exploited by the developed countries and multi-nationals. The monopoly of American influence in all the leading international financial institutes like World Bank and IMF, have followed the American

Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judaism - Essay Example Judaism's â€Å"Talmud† further explores and explains the religion's teachings, principles, and ethics. According to history, Judaism started with the Covenant between the patriarch, God, and progenitor, Abraham, of the Jews (Abrahams, 2008). The religion is still in practice today and has influenced other world religions like Islam and Christianity. Unlike the other religions in the contemporary world, the central authority in Judaism does not lie in the hands of single individual or group rather in holy writings, traditions, and learned Rabbis who give meaning to those writings and laws of the religion. Judaism has existed for thousands of years already but it remains loyal and true to most of its religious principles (Abrahams, 2008). Among its principles, the most important is the belief in one, omniscient, all powerful, kind, encompassing God, who made the universe and continues to oversees it. The traditional Jewish faith states that the God who made the universe created a covenant with the Israelites, and disclosed his laws and teachings to Moses on Mount Sinai in both the Written and Oral Torah forms, and the Jews are the progenies of the Israelites. It is the study and the observance of God's laws and teachings, as indicated in the Torah and further explained in the Talmud, that the traditional practice of Judaism revolves (Abrahams, 2008). As mentioned, the most important teaching of Judaism is the principle of Monotheism, or Unity of God that serves as the foundation of the religion. The Jews' faith in their one God is more than just being part of their religion. It is a passion and an inspiration that gives them the power and strength to endure tribulations and death. Many people believe that woman are discriminated against in the religious practice of Judaism when Judaism points out that God has both masculine and feminine qualities. It is also said that both man and woman are created in the image of God. This misunderstanding of inequality in men and women is interpreted by the higher power of men up until this very century (BBC, 2012). Most religions commemorate, or celebrate, with certain traditions. As for the Jewish traditions, they have a collection of ritual objects. First is the Yarmulke. This is a small cap that reminds the Jews that they must always live by the words of God at all times and in all places. Next there is the Tefillin. This object is a small leather box that has straps attached that are worn on the left forearm and on the forehead. The inside of these boxes contain scriptures, including the Shema which are little prayers written in the Jewish language. Finally, the last traditional wear is the Tallit. The Tallit is a prayer shawl with fringes that remind them of the commandments of the Torah. They put it on before prayer and worship. Another tradition, and a less amusing ritual, is the Brit Milah. To us, that is a Circumcision. Every baby boy on exactly their eighth day of life is circumcised. T hey also have traditions known as, Bar Mitzvahs for boys, or Bat Mitzvahs for girls. There is also the Baby-naming Ceremony. This tradition is slightly different today, in which many families chose to do this in their own homes, rather then in the Synagogue. A lot of holidays are celebrated with Judaism and they are not the average holidays. One such holiday is called the Passover. This is simply a celebration of the Jewish nation. On this holiday, that takes place on the fifteenth day of the Hebrew month, a Passover Seder is performed. This is where the Jews tell the story of Exodus while they endeavor to transition their life condition from slavery to emancipation. The

The Causes of the Popularity of Video Games Essay Example for Free

The Causes of the Popularity of Video Games Essay Since the introduction of videogames to the public in the 1970s (Herman, et al 2002), it has become a popular form of entertainment, both outside and at home, for children and adults alike. The first successful video game, Pong, was so popular that game machines reportedly broke down due to excessive numbers of quarters inserted into the coin slots (Herman, et al 2002). Through the decades, its appeal never seemed to wane, as more gaming systems are developed and marketed and even more games created and published. The popularity of videogames never ceases to expand, and in the recent years, it has seemed to grow to new heights, attracting even adults who once considered videogames as mere children’s playthings, and females who did not play videogames because they are â€Å"for boys†. Advancements in technology, developments in gameplay and content, and the experience are the factors that the popularity of videogames mostly owes itself to. Technological advancements are on the move, faster than they have been in the past decades. Computers are gaining wider acceptance in the home and in the workplace, aiding in tasks such as writing and research, database management, and even education. Almost every home today has at least one computer under its roof. This increase in usage of computers provided game developers a window to a larger market. This was impossible back then, as computers were generally thought of as belonging to the workplace, and videogames are not meant to be played in offices. As computer technology improves, game developers can create better, more realistic graphics, longer games, and expansive gameplay, which attract even the most casual of computer users. However, PC games generally have a more limited scope in terms of genre and gameplay—most games for PCs are either First-Person Shooters (FPS) or strategy games (examples are Counter-Strike and Warcraft, respectively) Thankfully, due to these same advances in computer technology, electronics firms like Sony and Microsoft are able to develop standalone videogame consoles like the PlayStation and the Xbox, which become faster, better, and more powerful with each incarnation. These consoles compensate for where the PC lacks—it provides an even wider range of games available, and generally perform better as game systems than the PC, and this does much to attract an even larger audience of gamers. Portable game systems like the Nintendo DS and Sony PlayStation Portable introduced the idea of games on-the-go, which enables players to take the games out of their homes and bring them practically everywhere—useful in passing the time during road travel or waiting in line, or even during school breaks. These consoles, naturally, are crafted for people always on the move. Technology created an opportunity for videogames to become easily available and more popular. Another factor that helped videogames become a favorite hobby of many people is developments in gameplay, genre, and content. In its early forms, videogames are so simple that they become old in only a matter of days or even hours. The introduction of the high score system alleviated this somewhat, making even games like Pong playable over and over, with the goal of beating the other person’s score. However, even this will prove to be insufficient later on. Developers explored other types of games, and soon a multitude of different games with different play styles were born. Today, there are many games a player can choose from—including from platformers (like the Super Mario games), role-playing games (Diablo, Ultima), strategy games (Warcraft), fighting games (Street Fighter), and even educational games (Brain Age), among many others. These new genres made videogames attractive to different markets of different ages and interests. Even girls, who previously did not play videogames, have become attached to games like Dance Dance Revolution, because of their new, unisex appeal, and its health benefits, due to the game requiring actual physical endurance.. Adults, who used to shun videogames because they were associated with children, now have no excuse to not play videogames because there are games so challenging that only adults can fully appreciate them. There are also games catering specifically to adults nowadays, with additional violence and risquà © themes (Grand Theft Auto). This expansion of gameplay types, genres, and content enabled game companies to pierce through almost every market segment, and each person will most likely find a game suited to his or her own personal skills and interests. The experience of playing videogames is something that cannot be found in many pastimes, and videogames have become popular because of this characteristic. In story-driven games, for instance, gamers are not only treated to a fun, challenging game, they are also presented an engrossing story which rivals even those of best-selling novels. Multiplayer games pit players against each other in matches of skill or reflexes, depending on the game, and there is much enjoyment to be found competing against another player in one’s favorite game. Teamwork, leadership, and situational social interaction, previously found only in team-based sports games, can now be experienced in computer games in the form of multiplayer online role-playing games, where gamers from around the globe form parties striving together to complete an in-game quest or to find a rare item. Videogames provide an enriching, and sometimes even educational, and extremely unique experience, which they will keep coming back to time and again. The popularity of videogames and computer games will never decline, and will perhaps even increase in the future years, because of increasing technological developments, their wide-range appeal, and the sheer experience of playing them. They have made available mind-bending challenges, a great pastime for one or for many, and countless hours of fun and excitement. Works Cited Herman, Leonard, et al. â€Å"The History of Video Games.† Gamespot.5 February 2002. 6 June 2007 http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hov/.

Private Sector Participation in Water Supply

Private Sector Participation in Water Supply ASSESSMENT OF PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION (PSP) IN WATER SUPPLY IN ABRAKA AND ITS ENVIRONS, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA S. I. Efe Department of Geography and Regional Planning Delta State University, Abraka. Delta State, Nigeria ABSTRACT This study assessed the level of private participation in water supply in Abraka and the likely problem militating against their effective operation. This study involved personal field observation and questionnaire survey to all the private owners of water projects in Abraka. This gives a total of 188 questionnaires administered. The data collected were presented in tables and statistical diagram. Percentages were also us ed for the data analysis. The result revealed a high level of private participation in water supply in Abraka. This is evident from 188 out of 202 functioning water projects in Abraka, thus. it indicate that over 93% (percentage) of water projects in Abraka are owned by private individuals. The operators are however faced with the problem of epileptic power supply, hike in pump process of fuel (diesel and petrol, theft and maintenance cost, it is therefore recommended that Abraka should be linked to the national grid and more feeder transformers should be supplied t o Abraka communities 4.y Delta State government. Government should also resuscitate the existing public water system in Abraka to minimise the money spent on water by Abraka inhabitants. Keywords: Private Sector, Participation, Water Supply, Abraka INTRODUCTION The supply of water to the inhabitants of urban areas has been the responsibilities of Local, State and Federal government. As such, there has been pressure in government resources and the government can no longer foot the servicing and maintenance of many socio infrastructures in the countries (Adesuyi, 1996). For instance in Nigeria many hydraulic facilities have been incapacitated and break down completely because of pressure from the increasing population of cities without corresponding expansion or maintenance in these water projects. And some even breaks down soon after commissioning (Efe, 2003). In Abraka its population has increased from 5,006 in 1985 to 57,444 in 1998, and it’s projected to increase to over 66,738 by 2005 and there is no expansion in the existing water facilities. Presently little could one identifS’ any government owned water project that provide water effectively and regularly to the inhabitants of Abraka, except dilapidated overhead tanks. T hus there has been acute shortage of water supply to Abraka communities. As such, the inhabitant now trek long distance at an average of 1-3km to river Ethiope and Ovwuvwe to get drinking and other domestic water, there they bath and do most of their washing (Plates, Clothes ete). Because of this problem there are complains by the inhabitants to government and private individuals, but there was no change of operational attitude by government. However, there has been large increased in Private Sector Participation (PSP) in water supply in recent times in Abraka. This view has been noted Oyebande (1981), Adesuyi (1996) and John (2002). So the private individual seize this opportunity to drill boreholes in their compound for personal use and commercial uses as well. Though the price of water is on the high side for example 20 litres can cost as high as N5.00 to N8.0O in most of the communities. Recently the government of Delta State came out with a policy that every borehole owners sho uld come to the state capital to register with Nb, 000.00 for commercial bores and N3,500.00 for private and pay an annual subscription rate of N2,500.00 and NI,500.00 for commercially and privately owned bore holes in the state. But the owners of these private boreholes are hesitant to register and pay the said amount saying that water is a free gift of nature, and the government who suppose to provide water has failed, and even electricity to power their submersible pump government is not providing, why then is the demand for registration. Based on the foregoing, this study is aimed at assessing the level of PSP in water supply, the willingness of the private sectors to register and pay the annual subscription and to identify the limiting factors militating against effective PSP in water supply in Abraka. STUDY AREA Abraka is located between latitude 5Â °45’ and 5Â °50’ North of the equator and longitude 6Â ° and 6Â ° 15’ East. It covers an area of 168.43 sqkm, and a height of 45m above sea level. It is drain by two rivers, River Ethiope to the West and River Ovwuwve to the south eastern extent at the landmass. It has a gentle slope to the two rivers. The area is made of loamy and sandy soil (Efe and Aruegodore, 2003). Abraka fell within the tropical environment that enjoys the tropical rainforest climate (AF) of Koppen in 1919 and the wet equatorial of Strahier in 1969.Generally speaking, Abraka and its environs had an annual mean temperature of 3 0.6Â °C, and mean monthly temperature that span from 30Â °C in September to 31.1Â °C in June and July. The area experiencing heavy amount of rainfall that spans for 12 months period. Annual rainfall generally ranges from 2,703mm in 1977 to 3,647mm in 1989. However, the annual mean rainfall is 3,098mm. This indicates that Ab raka experiences heavy and torrential rainfall throughout this period. The mean monthly distribution of rainfall in Abraka span 25.8mm in the month of December to 638.9mm in September. This indicates that December recorded the lowest rain amount while September recorded the month with the highest rainfall amount; as such there is no distinct dry season. In recent time Abraka has witnessed a rapid population increased, from a population of 55 510 during the 19991 Census, to estimated population value of 60 000 in 2004.This is as a result of the increase in the population of Delta State University students. This increase has also led to rapid urban development and without commensurate growth in infrastructural facilities of the areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research designed employed in this study involves a field survey of personal observation and questionnaire administration to all the operators of bores in Abraka. Abraka was stratified into five zones based on the 5 political delineation (wards) already in existed. The researcher and 20 of his field assistants (hydrology students) visited each of the zones at five different occasions between March — May 2005 (one zone each ‘thy) to count the total number of hydraulic project existing in them and to administered questionnaire to each of them. The researcher waited for them to fill them and collect the questionnaire at the spot from them. The questionnaire covers the following; when the bores are sunk, the owner’s cost (prices) of water supply and their willingness to register with government and pay the annual water rate fees and likely problem encountered during operation. This took us to Umeghe, Uhuoka, Ekrejeta, Abraka urban, Ajalomi, Urhuovie, Erho, Oria wa terside, Ovwodo, Ekreseme, Urhuagbesa, Otorho and Ugono. A total of 188 questionnaires were administered to the 188 private operators of boreholes in Abraka. The data collected re summarised in table 1 —4 and expressed in percentages. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results from the field observations are presented in table 1,2,3, and 4 and discussed below: Table 1: Number of water projects in each community and their owners Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2005. Table I showed that a total of 202 hydraulic projects (bores) were located in all the communities in Abraka and its environs, Abraka urban (town), which housed the Delta State University recorded the highest concentration of bores, with a value of 68, out of which 63 hydraulic projects were owned by private individuals, 2 owned by non-governmental organisation and 3 owned by governmental They are sited at Delta State University to serve the need of staff and students on campus. This signifies 93%, 4% and 3% respectively lhr private, government and nongovernmental organisation. The 3 governments owned bores were sited at Delta State University, Abraka. Urhuoka and Ekrejeta follow this with 26 with 34 bores owned solely by private individuals respectively. Others are Oria waterside, Urhuovie, Ovwodo and Umeghe with 16, 13 and 109 bores respectively. At Oria waterside, Ovwodo and Uineghe all the boreholes are owned by private individuals, while at Urhuovie, out of the 13 water project, 10 are owned by private, 1 by community effort and 2 by government. These showed that private individuals own 77% of the water projects at Urhuovie. While the community and government own 8% and 15% of the bores respectively. The rest communities on table 1 showed less than 8 bore with the exception of Erho with 9 bores (8 private and 1 government owned). Generally, out of the 202 bores that is presently located in Abraka and its environs, 188 are owned by private individuals, 8 by government. 5 by non — governmental organisation and I by community effort (see fig 1).Fig.1: Operators of Bores in Abraka Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2005 This showed that there is a high level of PSP in provision of water to the inhabitants of Abraka. Thus water supply in Abraka is mostly under the auspices of the PSP. The reason for increased PSP in water supply according to the operators of the bores is that; government has failed in its entirety in providing this basic necessity of life to the ever increasing population of Abraka, and also to make life better for their own people in Abraka and the student who resides off campus, lastly because of the fact that all the water projects owned by urban and rural water board in Abraka have packed-up and no attempt by the government to repair them. Most water from the private bores in Abraka urban is connected to hostels for students use. For instance out of the 68 bores located in Abraka main town; 35 were connected to hostels, where majorities of the inhabitants are students, 25 sunk solely for commercial and household use, while 8 have been connected to private homes similarly 135 (ove r 71%) of the 188 water projects in Abraka and its environs, are used for commercial purpose (see table 2). Some owners of these bores also have their house connected to their owned bores. Table 2: Types of bores in Abraka Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2005 On the other hand, less than 30% of the privately owned boreholes were connected to private houses and solely for private uses. However most of the boreholes were sunk between 2000 and 2005 respectively. For instance, out of the 202 functioning water projects existed presently in Abraka 153 were sunk between 2000 2005 while 49 were sunk during or between 1989 — 1999 (see table 3) Table 3: Years bores were sunk Source: Author’s fieldwork 2005. Table 3 also showed that out of the 219 water projects seen in Abraka, 15 were sunk before 1989, 51 in 1989 and 1999, and 153 between 2000 and 2005. Out of these, 17 are bad and stop functioning few years after commissioning; Leaving 202 bores. According to the inhabitants, most of these packed-up projects sunk by petroleum trust fund (PTF) during the Babagida regime. However the year 2004 witnessed rapids sitting of bores in Abraka. For instance the field observation revealed that a total 58 bores were sunk in 2004 alone. Presently there are 23 drilled bores not yet connected to the overhead tank (i.e. they are still under construction) when asked they said they occasionally pump water from these bores for block moulding and building of houses. The owners of these bores capitalised on the non-existence of public tap to increase the price of water in the area. For instance, 20 litres of water is sold as high as 5.00 — N8.00 in some communities (most especially in Abraka urban) . An interview with some of the inhabitants seen buying water from these sources revealed that though these privately owned bores have really alleviated the problem of water shortage in Abraka, because of their short distances and efficiency, but the price of the water is very high. For instance the price of 20 litres can cost as high as N5.00 or N8.00 on the average in most of these communities. Due to this high price most households have to down size the quantity of water use per day and ‘whenever it rains, they fill all available bowls with rainwater, and little quantity of about 20 litres for drinking is usually bought from the private bores. The interviewed also revealed that high proportion of the bores owners in Abraka are willing to pay and register with the Urban Water Board provided the government of Delta State could provide regular supply of electricity to their communities. This is evident from 153 out of the 188 private bores owners who indicated their willingnes s to register with the Urban Water Board at Asaba (see table 4) Table 4: Number of bores owners who are will to register with government Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2005 Their justification of willing to pay is that ground water is one of the natural resources that are owned by the government, and anybody extracting natural resources pays certain amount of money to the government. The operators of the bores outlined the following as a limiting factors in order of severity; epileptic power supply, high prices of diesel and fuel, theft and maintenance cost. They all generally stressed that because of the epileptic power supply they no longer depend on electricity (NEPA) rather on generating plants to power their water project, and that the prices or diesel and petrol have further increased the running cost, which they shifted to the consumer. Thus a change in the price of 20 litres cans from N2.00 to N5.00 or N8.00 depending on the circumstances. Similarly, because of the high rate of insecurity most of the submersible pump have been lost to theft, and now they engages the services of security men to guard these water pumps, which according to them cos t as high as N4, 500.00 or N7, 500.00. They therefore call on the government of Delta State to provide more transformers, in Abraka or if possible linked Abraka to the Ogorode power line, since it will serve the Main Campus of the Delta State University, Abraka. The major problem militating against effective water supply to the inhabitants of Abraka are ascribed to high cost of hydraulic equipment and drilling of the bores, epileptic power supply, theft and the recently introduced 1 0, 000 and N3, 500 bores registration fees by the Delta State government. CONCLUSION This study has been able to show that there is a high rate of PSP in water supply in Abraka. Out of the 202 functioning water project in Abraka 188 are owned and maintained by private individuals. The study also revealed that 188 privately owned bores, supply water regularly to the inhabitants of Abraka, though the price of N5.00 — 8.00 is on the high side. The problem of epileptic power supply and theft are major limiting factors to effective water supply. It is therefore recommended that Abraka community should be regarded as a priority or special area and linked to the national grid or Ogorode power supply. When this is done it will enhanced regular power supply that will better the entire life being of the residents of Abraka. REFERENCES Adesuyi, D. (1996), Nigeria Produces 25 year water Master Plan. Ultimate Water Technology and Environment 1(1): 17-19pp. Efe S.I. (2003), Water quality and its utilisation in the Nigerian rural setting of Abraka Delta State International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Dynamics Maiden (ed) 81-86;;. John, T. (2002), Opinion World Summit of Sustainable development, private sector participation in the water sector in the water sector published by international institute for environment and development U.S.A., UK. Oyebande, L. (1981) The hydrology of water supply: A case of Jos in P.O. Sada and J.S. Oguntoyinbo edited Urbanisation Processes in Nigeria, Ibadan University press. 141-149.

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay Postmodernism was a late 20th century movement that opposed the Modernist preoccupation with purity of form and technique, and aimed to eradicate the divisions between art, popular culture, and the media. Postmodern artists employed influences from an array of past movements, applying them to modern forms. Postmodernists embraced diversity and rejected the distinction between high and low art. Ignoring genre boundaries, the movement encourages the mix of ideas, medias, and forms to promote parody, humor, and irony. -started 1960s in a church -the word postmodern after modern techniques Graham n Isadora -influced by Cunningham n cage -timely, moving on today Where Modernists tended to believe in the future and reject the past, Postmodernists are more pessimistic and do not see the world necessarily improving in the future. 1960-1970s even though it was short time Postmodernist music includes Philip Glasss minimalist works and John Cages collaborative performances in which he involved the audience. genres like ballet and modernism and develop new styles. The most famous of these pioneers was probably Anna Halprin, who based her choreography on real experiences, not classical works. Her group, the Dancers Workshop, usually avoided traditional technique and often performed outdoors instead of on a conventional stage. Another modern dance pioneer, Robert Dunn, believed that the process of art was more significant than the end product. Merce Cunningham experimented with the relationship between dance and music and created choreography that was unrelated to the music it was accompanied by. What Followed Postmodernism? Postmodern dance was a relatively short-lived movement, but it was a stepping stone to other artistic endeavors. Performance art, a movement featuring theatrical events realized through loosely structured combinations of events, grew out of the collaboration between dance and other art forms. Dancers like Twyla Tharp put their own stamp on postmodern theory and began a return to more structured choreography, making way for the contemporary dance genre of today. Postmodern dance is a 20th century concert dance form. A reaction to the compositional and presentation constraints of modern dance, postmodern dance hailed the use of everyday movement as valid performance art and advocated novel methods of dance composition. Claiming that any movement was dance, and any person was a dancer (with or without training) early postmodern dance was more closely aligned with ideology of modernism rather than the architectural, literary and design movements of postmodernism. However, the postmodern dance movement rapidly developed to embrace the ideology of postmodernism which was reflected in the wide variety of dance works emerging from Judson Dance Theater, the home of postmodern dance.[citation needed] Lasting from the 1960s to the 1970s the main thrust of Postmodern dance was relatively short lived but its legacy lives on in contemporary dance (a blend of modernism and postmodernism) and the rise of postmodernist choreographic processes that have produced a wide range of dance works in varying styles. Postmodern art is a term used to describe an art movement which was thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art, Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern. The traits associated with the use of the term postmodern in art include bricolage, use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, depiction of consumer or popular culture and Performance art.

The Role of the Friar in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

The Friar directly and indirectly took part in suicide, murder, and other tragic happenings. The Friar is an honored man, who sells herbs and medicines to the people of Verona. He is a type of ancient pharmacist, who has potions for both causes of good and evil. There are three specific instances of the Friar playing a major role in Romeo and Juliet: the impossible marriage of Romeo and Juliet, Juliet's "death" plan, and Romeo's death. Without the Friar many crucial and tragic events would not have happened in Romeo and Juliet. The forbidden wedding of Romeo and Juliet could not have happened without the Friar. First of all, the Friar impulsively agreed to marry Romeo and Juliet, even though he knows it will cause later problems. In the beginning, the Friar thinks that "...this alliance may so happy prove; To turn your households' rancor to pure love." (II iv 91-92) Which shows that the Friar has a slight hope of their marriage possibly working. Consequently, at first, he shows no reluctance to marry the two controversial lovers. However, as time moves on, the Friar lets on that he has regrets about the marriage. The Friar feels that "Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow." (II vi 15) In other words, the Friar means that he senses that this whole wedding is happening too fast and he radiates a feeling of second thought. If the Friar had thought this crucial decision through he may have prevented many future tragedies. Accordingly, the Friar knows all along that "These violent delights have violent ends" (I I vi 9) The Friar knows that this is an impossible situation, which if made possible by himself will without a doubt end up in tragedy in one way or another. Under these conditions, as the Friar predicts, Romeo sinks into a deep depression, as a result of the fact that he cannot see his wife. Romeo has a one-track mind that is focused on something he cannot have. Similarly, Juliet becomes depressed and is grieving over the reality of her and Romeo's separation. Without the Friar the two lovers would not have been married, which would have prevented both of these depressions and future problems to come. The Friar is responsible for many problems which have a snowball effect after he assists Juliet with her "death" plan. When Romeo and Juliet are at their lowest point of depression, and Juliet is expected to marry Paris, she needs an escape plan.

In this assignment I will discuss how fate and superstition contribute :: English Literature

In this assignment I will discuss how fate and superstition contribute to the final Tragedy. I will also consider other elements in the play, such as social class, education, poverty, and coincidence, which are highly significant to the story. In the play there are many references to the devil and the bogeyman, both figures representing evil and control. Most of the characters are strongly influenced by these; the "kids," who believe in the bogey man, and incorporate him into their games, "will he get me mummy?" and their mothers, who are influenced by the devil. The Narrator, who plays an integral part in the play, can be interpreted as the devil or bogeyman, following Mickey Eddie and Linda around and taunting their mothers, "Now you know the devils got your number" in this manner controlling the main characters and making the events (stated in the prologue) come to pass. The Narrator adapts the roles of many minor characters reinforcing the idea that the narrator is in control, because he is featured in all the significant turning points of the story, taking the parts of the milkman, gynaecologist, bus driver and the police man. The narrator is an ambiguous character, so he can also be portrayed as neutral, just telling and observing the story, or someone understanding and sympathetic, watching the events unfold. The prologue introduces the play, making the audience feel like the story is already written and Mickey and Eddie are destined to die. "An' did you never hear how the Johnstones died?" This is yet another reason to believe that fate is in control. However, there are powerful arguments to suggest that it is more coincidence and class that causes the deaths of the twins, for example, when Mrs Jhonstone has twins when she might have been able to cope with just one baby, and when Mr Lyons fires Mickey. As small children, Mickey and Eddies friendship isn't greatly affected by the difference in class, they are both envious of the other, showing that neither really has a better childhood, although one has more money, so has a higher chance of being successful in life. But inevitably, as they get older, Mickey is more directly affected by the poverty he lives with, and when Eddie moves on to university, a barrier develops between them, illustrating the contrasts between their lives and making their futures seem even more decided. Some characters are also affected by superstition, especially Mrs Jhonstone, who, although she denies, it is very superstitious "The shoes". This explains partly why she gives one of the twins away, because it is Mrs Lyon's manipulation that forces her, rather than fate or

How Can A Students Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? :: Teaching Education

How Can A Student's Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared out the window while the teacher droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered on lunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts were about friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status and acceptance in the social structure of the school. Anne's attention was brought back into the classroom when the teacher announced that "this information will be on the test". Mechanically, Anne began to write as the teacher dictated notes. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes, Anne's thoughts wandered back to her own concerns. This true story is about me as a young girl trying to identify with the experiences of school knowledge and real life knowledge. Most of us as students have been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional moments of boredom and daydreaming in an otherwise interesting and engaging school experience, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of the classroom life. Traditionally, the educational community has tended to view culturally diverse students as coming from a deficit model, that somehow these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiences for success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutions viewed culturally diverse students as being culture rich and not at risk. When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with new experiences provided in the classroom, learning is slowed and the child constructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores the multicultural and diversified world of the students and juxtaposes it along the knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It explores knowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsense knowledge of school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of the learner. Multicultural learning needs to build on student's regenerative (prior knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges, the knowledge must be in relation to the student's home and community, the information must be personally familiar to the child, the understanding must come through a connection with culturally familiar stories and materials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to give children control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs to address the histories and experiences of people who have been left out of the curriculum (Dewey, 125). What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two different kinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified and regenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge "is created, maintained, and recreated through the continuous interaction of people in a community How Can A Student's Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? :: Teaching Education How Can A Student's Cultural Knowledge and School Knowledge be Contextualized Within the Classroom? Anne, a 15 year old Vietnamese American student stared out the window while the teacher droned on in the background. Her thoughts centered on lunch and her friends, and family. On a deeper level, her thoughts were about friendship, loyalty, kinship, and how children gain status and acceptance in the social structure of the school. Anne's attention was brought back into the classroom when the teacher announced that "this information will be on the test". Mechanically, Anne began to write as the teacher dictated notes. When the teacher had finished dictating the notes, Anne's thoughts wandered back to her own concerns. This true story is about me as a young girl trying to identify with the experiences of school knowledge and real life knowledge. Most of us as students have been in my shoes can readily identify the occasional moments of boredom and daydreaming in an otherwise interesting and engaging school experience, and in other occasions, this is the main reality of the classroom life. Traditionally, the educational community has tended to view culturally diverse students as coming from a deficit model, that somehow these students lacked the right stuff, the educational experiences for success in school. Rarely have schools and educational institutions viewed culturally diverse students as being culture rich and not at risk. When children are not allowed to incorporate their prior knowledge with new experiences provided in the classroom, learning is slowed and the child constructs a disjointed view of the world. This paper explores the multicultural and diversified world of the students and juxtaposes it along the knowledge the students are encountering in the classroom. It explores knowledge in respects to the traditional notions of commonsense knowledge of school, and knowledge that centers on the interests and aims of the learner. Multicultural learning needs to build on student's regenerative (prior knowledge) along with their reified (school knowledge)knowledges, the knowledge must be in relation to the student's home and community, the information must be personally familiar to the child, the understanding must come through a connection with culturally familiar stories and materials, knowledge needs to create a meaningful linkage to give children control over their learning, and multicultural knowledge needs to address the histories and experiences of people who have been left out of the curriculum (Dewey, 125). What I experienced as a little girl was a conflict between two different kinds of knowledge, which R.B Everhart has distinguished as reified and regenerative knowledge. Regenerative knowledge "is created, maintained, and recreated through the continuous interaction of people in a community

Mba Essay Sample

MBA essay sample I came from a family who made constant use of street smarts to survive living in Nigeria. Both of my parents have not even finished secondary education. However, my hardworking mother never wanted the same fate for me. She never dare imagine me as a mainstay in the sweltering, overpopulated streets of Lagos, in danger of becoming the next victim of violence. It is a city full of tribal and religious tensions, forever waiting to explode. Yet, this was where I had learned leadership and discipline.It was hard enough to live in a dangerous neighborhood, but to concentrate in my studies while helping my parents sell market goods during my free time seemed next to impossible. I made a game out of it, giving points to myself for everyday I was able to fulfill all my duties. If I had to add the points together and redeem them in a form of money, I would now be a very rich man. With points in my imaginary bank, I was able to get a college degree in Economics.This made sense to me because I had always been interested in supply and demand. My parents’ daily toil in the market awakened me to this idea since I was just a young boy. I was also interested in the idea of rewarding a job well done, as I used to do to myself. An Economics degree also made me understand how some countries could rise and fall. I want to be able to control the rise of a future business. Here in the United States, I worried more about social acceptance and understanding.I am, after all, a minority among minorities, a black Muslim. The dangers that I was exposed to back home had taught me how to put on a brave front. However, I realized there was no need to be afraid. Even though there were still people who would look at me curiously when I don my traditional Nigerian clothes, everything is almost perfect. I say almost perfect, because we are always still working toward perfection. I am now aiming to enroll into an MBA program, hoping that this will enhance whatever business skills I already have.I want to be able to create a safer environment, in which my parents can sell their goods. Maybe I can convince them to start a new business, aside from selling in a market stall. An MBA degree is a special tribute I give to my parents. My parents value education, though they were not so lucky to become fully educated. It is with gratitude that I turn to them, looking back to the day I received my Economics diploma. It is with hope that I face my future, hopefully with an MBA degree that can help not just myself but my beloved parents to survive their plight.

Assignment: Quiet American and the Vietnam War

Dilemmas of land and the responsibilities of the West he was determined O do good, non to all undivided just to a clownish (Greene, 18). He believed preventing the penetrate of communism would be beneficial for each(prenominal). ground in the mysterious Asian country as a secret agent, his strain was to import weapons and set up attacks end-to-end the country. One incident describes that twenty-four hours all over Saigon innocent bicycle pumps had be to contain bombs which had g ane off at the stroke of eleven. It was better from their psyche of view to let battalion commove in that the bombs were communist (Greene, 18-135). To stir up anti-communism the U. S. Litany typeset the blame for civilian casualties on the refractory Viet congou, giving a impelling antecedent to the the Statesn people for why they moldiness be stopped. Bloods states how the United States went to and intimately any extent to prevent the half mask Theory The Communists taking South Vietna m and thusly the Philippines and marching across to Hawaii and then on the shores of California (Terry, 156). Consequently, government officials promoted headache with the Second Red Scare to locomote their citizens to take a stand against the encourage spread of communism. American array were placed in Vietnam up until spring 1975.Between that epoch American troops were let unbend in this foreign country. Not wholly was there a huge burnish shock, but also language contend as a barrier. Little efforts to clear the Vietnamese culture became an issue in the state of war. One of the soldiers said, this old man was rail like thorn towards his crib I telephone people said catch but we didnt know no Vietnamese words and so they shot him (Terry, 7). some other case of miscommunication was when a soldier told a girl to did did AMA and her lack of effort to to why she remained on the road she couldnt get by traffic or could non derive his Vietnamese.America showed no mercy and was brutal to anything ND anyone that stood in the way. With their endless supplies of artilleries if something moved in front of you. You fired at it (Terry, 157). wads of the naughtily trained solders were blind in the Jungles of Vietnam, especially at night, aimlessly shaft to any noise. Americans treated the people of Vietnam poorly as well, women especially. Some of the captives were women and while organism integrated they were abused. One of the African American hospital corpsman from the Navy was explaining how he truism a Vietnamese woman get a lit flare shoved in her during questioning (Terry).Pyle never hectically chevvy a female, but saw Phonon (his Vietnamese lover) as an object. Disregarding her input, he was deviation to bring her to America as his wife (Greene). Poor interactions with the Vietnamese people, a prejudicial ambiance was left behind by the Americans. Americans believed they were sincerely helping the Vietnamese. When in verity the peop le of Vietnam did not see the conduct for their intervention. A soldier explained, I played out a great deal of epoch discussing the problem of Vietnam with the Vietnamese people, and what they thought around Americas involvement.I learned right away the AR was not the right thing to from the peoples item of view (Terry, 67). The people of Vietnam could have cared less if they were get military support from America. In situation they did not like the war that was chance on their homeland. They want one day to be much the same as another. They dont want our white skins around relation back them what they want (Greene, 86). They want to go back to their daily simple lives before any war began. Their way of life is tillage of rice patties not whether they have a communist or democratic government.Pyle was get lectured about hat the Vietnamese people wanted, do you think peasants sit and think of God and Democracy Weve brought them up in our ideas (Greene, 87). Before inter vene from America, people of Vietnam were not thinking of which government is suitable for them. deaf(p) Vietnamese said, However win is the one we go with. The Americans are the ones that are half-baked cause they not gain anything. They suffer their lives and their money here(Terry, 67). America did not gain anything directly from this war. There were no significant natural resources and hundreds were dying everyday.As he war got dragged even Americans began to question their intentions of be in the war. While men were trash for a better government, there was hold out back at the home front. racial discrimination was a wide factor quiesce in the United States and that custom was brought overseas. men of color were grouped unneurotic and were in the first place put on the front end. An African American war veteran said, to a greater extent forbiddings were dying in combat than whites, proportionately, primarily because more than pitch-darks were in combat- oriented units, proportionately, than whites (Terry, 167). black-and-blue folks were liquid seen inferior to lacks.There were generation were the whole squad would be of black men (Terry). This prevented white Americans from getting languish during the war. Even though there was inequality, African-Americans were still treated better then in the States. While enlisted, they could hold some genial of power. There werent some(prenominal) opportunities for Where else could a black go and get that label Just like that? (Terry, 221). African- Americans enlisted as an escape of racism and segregation because in the war partition off they are all fighting together under one cause, democracy for the Vietnamese.One big issue in both books for the primer why they lost the war to the Viet Congo was the inability to establish who the foe was. It was Vietnamese fighting Vietnamese- like the civil war. etiolated folks could not identify whom to shoot, It wasnt gauge to be nobody out at night but the marines. Any Vietnamese out at night was the enemy It was easy to get killed by an American (Terry, 7). The soldiers were trained to take down Vietnamese enemy. Everyone looked like the enemy to them. This became problematic of many innocent lives being killed. For this reason,Americans are seen as mechanical beasts across the globe and volition strike at ease in order to win. Americans played different roles in the two books due to the time frame, but had the same goal of fighting for democracy. In The Quiet American being European or white was favorable. An advantage of this war was that a European face turn up in itself a passport on the field a European could not be venture of being an enemy agent (Greene, 42). This is why Pyle was able to tennis shoe around Vietnam with bombs. No one suspected Americans (whites) behind the attacks. Things were a lot more useful for Americans before they sent troops over.Once the military got involved, it was non-stop gunshots after gunshot. It got to the point where soldiers did not know why they were shooting, they were Just told to. somewhat this time, university students also began to question the government along with the upraising of segregation. Congress had a hard time dealing with upset citizens over the wild of Martin Luther King and the questioning of when the war exit end. In the efforts to help Vietnam have a better life under Democracy, America suffered from the high death toll, expenses on weapons and supplies, and the wide years spent overseas.

Character of Lady Macbeth Essay

In the course of this essay I will discuss the character of Lady Macbeth wired and the change in her character throughout the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. We see how her as being ambitious and ruthless at the start. Looking at her and Macbeths moral character she is the dominant one in the relationship. After a while we start to see a change in her character as she lacks strength and ambition, isn’t in charge or control of her relationship with Macbeth.Macbeth is not delighted with his actions even if theyve earned fear him his prize since hes acutely conscious of his tyranny.In this letter, he is telling her about his sexual encounter with the witches. â€Å"They met me in the day of success: And I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge.† (Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth) She appears very determined for what the witches have told him to come true.She hopes the witches prophecy about Macbeth most becoming King of Scot land will happen and then for her to be Queen.During act four, Lady Macbeth does not look in the play.

† (Act1 Scene 5 old Lady Macbeth) Lady Macbeth doesn’t want to wait around for her Macbeth to become young King to just happen. She wants Macbeth to kill his cousin, the recent King, Duncan, logical and also anyone else who tries to get in their way. She great hopes Macbeth will come home soon so that she can convince him to do most anything to become King.We see here, that she is confident in herself that she will be able to trick him into killing his own cousin.Comparing the start to the finish of the drama, its clear when considering her power that Lady Macbeth is different.â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on ordinary mortal thoughts unsex me here† ( Act 1 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth). When she finishes own calling on the spirits, Macbeth arrives. Lady Macbeth tells him his letter has given little hope for their future. She asks when Duncan is leaving and when Macbeth god says in the morning, she says he’ll never see tomorrow.Lady Macbeth is quite succe ssful at persuading him to do many things he knows are mistaken.

We also see, that Lady Macbeth is ruthless. She will low let nothing get in her way of becoming Queen. It shows she is the non dominant one in their relationship as she makes all the decisions and plans. We next see Lady Macbeth in Act1 Scene 6.Macbeth finds the notion of assuming the thrown improbable.Duncan thanks her keyword with a gratitude for letting him stay. He also apologises for the hassle he’s causing her.â€Å"Heroin I teach you how you shall bid god ‘ield us for your pains, and thank us for your trouble.† (Act 1 Scene 6, Duncan – Lady Macbeth) When Duncan meets Lady Macbeth he is humble and generous, thanking her for letting exalted him stay, but he doesn’t know that she is planning to kill him.Her impulse last plagues lady Macbeth.

â€Å" If it were ‘tis done, then were well it were done quickly.† (Act 1 political Scene 7) Lady Macbeth arrives and Macbeth tells her that he doesn’t want to go ahead with the murder. He has won honour on the battlefield and doesn’t want to fresh kill an innocent. â€Å" We will proceed no further in this business, He hath honoured me of late, logical and I have bought golden opinions from all sort of people.Lady Macbeth is confronted with a similar circumstance.† (Act 1 whole Scene 7, Lady Macbeth – Macbeth). What she says seem to work. Again in this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as the dominant one. She easily convinces him back into their new plan to kill Duncan.Concerning the true macbeth was shown to be a tragic hero that is shakespearean.

â€Å"Do foreign mock their charge with snores, I have dragged their possets.† (Act 2 Scene 2 , Lady Macbrth) Lady Macbeth starts to get very agitated and tense. We first see how this when she hears an owl. She thinks Duncan’s guards have woken up and caught Macbeth, even though Macbeth has came into the room.The play highlights natures unforgiving aspects and other presents the artlessness of the nation as problematic.â€Å"I hear a knocking at the south entry, retire we to our chamber.† (Act 2 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) As Macduff enters to awake Duncan in this scene, he discovers that Duncan is murdered. Lady Macbeth enters after hearing the bell ringing. She asks what is happening.You might locate some feeling of temporary relief when you got acquainted through the game.

Lady Macbeth response doesn’t sound very convincing as she replies. â€Å"What, in our house?† (Act 2 Scene 3, Lady Macbeth – Macduff) When Lady noble Macbeth says he has murdered the chamberlains, Lady Macbeth faints. We don’t know if she’s acting here or being serious. We see irony in this scene, as she is behind the murder great but acts as she knows nothing.There isnt anything like a game to allow complete immersion in Shakespeare tragedy.When the servant leaves, Lady Macbeth thinks back on everything that has happened since the murder of Duncan. â€Å"Nought’s had, all’s spent, where our desire got without content.† (Act 3 Scene 2, Lady Macbeth) In this scene, we see Lady Macbeth as alone. Becoming king and queen, her and Macbeth lost everything.Janes love is likewise a fair one.

Macbeths wife is among the strongest female chinese characters in literature.Girls are related to bad from the start of the play.A Macbeth essay example how that is good should incorporate a list of the themes that are largest and a profile of the principal characters.Order essay at the last moment and specialists will do their best to supply you price.