Hamburger and Target Market Essay Example for Free

Hamburger and Target Market EssayThis chapter represents the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives and arena and limitations of the study. Introduction A burger is usually defined as a sandwich consisting of a bun, a ground meat patty and often other ingredients much(prenominal) as cheese, onion slices, lettuce and other condiments. The ingredients are often used in combination and are usually called a cheeseburger. Although the origin of the modern beef beefburger came from the Germans, many culinary historians consider the burgers to be primarily from an American concoction. The first burgers were made from various cuts of beef ground into a manageable paste notwithstanding eventually in that respect emerge different ground meats and vegetable mixtures that have earned the right to be called burgers even in their own distinctive taste. Today, there are dozens of variations on the basic meat patty served between two slices of bread. Indeed through the years, th e simple American meal called burger has transformed itself to an begin of variations combining different ingredients to suite the taste of millions of people worldwide.Tony Tan Choking, who is the CEO of Jollibee which is considered as the one of the most popular fast-food chain in the Philippines, told in his consultation for Business Week Asia that, hamburgers, they appeal to any culture. Taking to account that through this sumptuous dish, Jollibee was able to gain current status in the Philippine commerce. At present the hamburger toppings may not vary much. Some toppings ramp up taste and may love variants of toppings like the bacon cheeseburger or the refilling of standard condiments (mayo, mustard, ketchup) with things like barbecue sauce.Arguments exist as to what condiments should exist on hamburgers, and also what other things a hamburger needs such as lettuce, tomatoes, onions and pickles. in that respect is no hard and fast rule that requires ingredients to be comb ined to the more familiar and staple hamburger toppings. In fact, the present times emphasizes creativity and design on almost anything even in the traditional hamburgers, which offers usually the same fairly blank palate. Currently an innovation on the burger recipe is viewed as room of culinary expression and way to create exciting and new taste combinations by varying toppings.Ultimately, innovation on the traditional burger combining different ingredients together in different proportions boils down as a means to satisfy ones palate and finally ones individuality. Thus with these concept, a new business establishment that deviates from the traditional way on how burger is served has emerged. The business establishment is called Jumbleger and this paper aims to evaluate the businesss feasibility in impairment of target foodstuff acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance. Statement of the Problem.This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of an modernistic new business establishment to be called Jumbleger in terms of target market acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance. Specifically it aims to answer the following(a) sub-problems 1. Which among the following groups compose majority of the nation surveyed? a. Which of the following age groups compose majority of the macrocosm surveyed? b. Which gender compose majority of the universe surveyed? c. Which among the different educational attainment compose majority of the population surveyed?d. Among the samples who are students, what schools are they from? f. Which among the different civil status compose majority of the population surveyed? g. Which among the different income bracket is the most common income classification of the population surveyed? 2. Is an innovative new concept of a burger business significantly acceptable to the target market? a. Does majority of the population surveyed eat burgers? b. How often does the majority of the population prefer to eat burg ers? c.Does majority of the population surveyed willing to try burgers in new varieties of flavors? d. Among the business establishments who offer burgers in their menu, which is the most best-loved by the population surveyed? 3. What are the ingredients most preferred by the population surveyed? a. Among the different kinds of patty which is most preferred by the population surveyed? b. Which among the different kinds of sauces are most preferred by the population surveyed? c. Which among the different toppings are most preferred by the population surveyed? 4.Is the new concept burger be considered affordable to the target population and yet remedy be a profitable business? a. Among the different price groups for a burger, which will be most preferably spent by majority of the population surveyed? b. How many servings is the majority of the population surveyed able to consume per meal? Objectives of the Study The general objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of an innovative new business establishment to be called Jumbleger in terms of target market acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance.The following are its specific objectives 1. To determine which among the following groups compose majority of the population surveyed. 2. To evaluate if an innovative new concept of a burger business significantly acceptable to the target market. 3. To identify the ingredients most preferred by the population surveyed. 4. To determine if the new concept burger be considered affordable to the target population and yet still be a profitable business. 5. To settle recommendations for advance improvement of the business. Scope and Limitation of the StudyThe demographic profile as well as the needs and wants of the proposed target market shall be further identified and discussed in the study, in order to asses whether the proposed business would gain impact in the proposed market location. Also, such study shall determine the preferences and le vel of satisfaction of the proposed market with regard to their food consumption particularly with burgers. The target markets of the proposed business are customers who are frequent in St. Thomas Square, Morayta, more particularly the students from different universities, colleges, surveil centers and business establishments situated in that vicinity.

American Political System and Philosophy Essay Example for Free

American Political System and Philosophy EssayThe United States of America would impart been completely different had the Founding Fathers been influenced by a different philosophical stream. Had democracy non been the cornerstone of the nation, Americans would not be enjoying the rights they have today. Democracy, in its erratum meaning, suggests that the power of the state rests on its constituents and that, therefore, the fate of the country solely depends on its people. Without a democratic system, there will be no elections and no representations in the blandal arena. Since elections provide the means for the people to constantly shape the course of the nations institutions through elected officials, the lack thereof deprives Americans of their right to signal their country towards the direction which they see best fits their needs. For the most part, the Founding Founders perfectly embodied the noble principle of democracy in three simple manner of speakingWe the Peop le. If the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes became the foundation of America, Americans will be forced to surrender their rights to a single function.In effect, Americans will be unexpended powerless as the Leviathan would have now held and wielded the aggregate of all their rights. The limitation of the political philosophy of Hobbes is clearit does not recognize a large fig of the rights of the people, more so their inalienable rights. Without recognizing the rights of the people, society becomes either lifeless or mechanical as individuals are forced to follow whatever the sitting authority dictates. In the society of Hobbes, Americans have no right to tell the radiation diagramr what to do.In some cases, modern Americans are unable to convince their local officials to do as they are told by their constituents. Rather, some local officials play deaf and mute to the calls of their constituents to make certain actions that will favor the larger body politic instead of a f ew chosen elites. If the political philosophy of John Stuart Mill became the foundation of America, the political system would have been chosen depending on the great good for the greatest number. In short, the political system will essentially be a Utilitarian system.In such a system, certain harms towards some Americans are tolerable so long as the volume of the population is able to gain the best benefit. It then becomes clear that human rights violations are permissible if such violations would realize the best interest of the people. For example, the murder of thieves vigilante groups commit becomes acceptable because it reduces the possible sources of threats to life and property to most Americans. In the long run, the rule of law becomes parallel to the rule of the majority.Minorities who stand in opposition to the principles and ideals of the majority become powerless and are reduced to toothless citizens of the nation unable to win over the social situation. Oftenmultip lication, modern American culture reflects the Utilitarian perspective. One compelling example is the time when African-Americans were racially discriminated. Their discrimination was left unattended to by the federal official government at that time primarily because most of the American population such as the conservatives benefitted from the oppressionbenefit as in the context of their perception.I think the political philosophy of John Locke best reflects the formation of America as a nation. Locke primarily espouses the idea that men in the State of nature would come together and transfer the power to punish transgressors to the government. Although the will of the majority requires all people to follow that will, the government plays the role of judge in times when offenses towards the people occur. The society formed from convention of people comes with certain laws that guide the actions of all people and serve as an adjudicating force with the aid of judges.Today, much of Lockes political philosophy can be observed in America. The country has its own set of laws that guide the conducts of its citizens. Although the will of the majority is observed especially during elections, it does not necessarily deprive the minority of their rights and privileges in the society. As a matter of fact, American laws, in principle, do not discriminate between those who belong to the majority and those who are from the minority. All people are equal before the law.

State Of The Economy Of Pakistan Economics Essay

State Of The Economy Of Pakistan Economics EssayPakistans economy has been ragged by two back-to-back crises. The global fuel and food price hikes misrepresented severe macro economic complexity as public finances worsened, inflation climbed, and economic growth slowed down. In Pakistan, the global financial crisis approached at a hour when the financial system was still recovering from the global pricing shocks, thus making the position more(prenominal) terrible as macroeconomic conditions depreciated farther and economic growth slowed down slightly. In these circumstances, a major challenge is to position Pakistans economy back on track.During the peak period of crisis 2007-2009, the percentage transmit in GDP of Pakistan was decreased sharp from 5.6% in 2007 to 3.6% in 2009. The tint of global financial crisis is said to have affected the economies worldwide but countries who were at a very fast pace growth in terms of GDP took a downward flow. As usual, trade balance figure s were in negative infact it declines more at US$ 20.74 one million million during the period as exports were slightly increase and sustained its position at US$ 19.2 billion and imports were similarly increased sharply at US$ 39.96 billion. Foreign investment and foreign direct investment be declining drastically at US$ 2.14 billion and US$ 2.21 billion which argon adversely affecting the economy as the reason is not only the crisis but also the credibility of the present government. People are suffering as the Inflation which was around 8% before crisis is now around 17.50%. Before the crisis, Forex reserves were at US$ 15.18 billion which was dropped to US$ 10.83 billion during the crisis.Following the set about of the global economic and financial crisis in the third quarter of 2008, some witness assumed a gloomy scenario of enormous returns of migrant workforce to their countries of origin. They also expressed acceptable fears about worsening circumstances of work and livin g for migrant workforce and their families, and change magnitude xenophobia against them.During Crisis, the ambiguity about the success of a migration further amplified. Infact for some earlier migrants, real economic situations and unpredictable demand for foreign employment are tough to grasp. Consequently when ambiguity enlarged, migration patterns also changes. During 2005-2010, the percentage change of Population of Pakistan increased about 11.4% and estimated derive number of international migrants is about 87%. This clearly shows that migration was at its peaks in which male and female both are there with 55% and 45% ratio.It has been observed that from Pakistan around 51% international migrants headed towards Europe while 34% towards Middle East, from which 46% are skilled workers and 43% are unskilled workers. 52% of the total international migrant population is from Punjab and 25% from Baluchistan.A very important analysis is of the factors within Pakistan that would lea d to the increasing trend of migrations to countries abroad. Factors which Push people from Pakistan areLack of education, lack of opportunities, not enough jobs, aspiration to live a better life, lack of money/income, wickedness and discrimination, health and poor chances of marryingFactors which Pull people from Pakistan are Job opportunities, better living conditions, security and health education, better medical care and political ghostly freedom.Globally, remission of sins have increased extensively in the last decade. In 2006, remittances were put at US$268 billion which flow through formal impart banks opposite financial institutions informal mechanisms, such as Hundi Hawala and other informal mechanisms throughout the world account for possibly half as much again. Remittances are on the whole significant for the worlds poorest countries, which are also frequently the most prone to disasters and crisis. In 2006, $199bn in remittances is observed to have flowed throu gh formal convey to growth countries.Generally, through various channels remittances can put a positive impact on the economy. The coarse perceptive among different economic intellectuals is that remittances can impact on the economy through investment, savings, consumption, growth, foreign exchange and income distribution poverty. The impact on remittances is probably to be a significant mean of communication of the cause of the GFC on developing countries. This research has issued a series of approximations for the likely impact of the global financial crisis on remittances.It has been truly observed that during crisis the flow of remittances always increased. ply of remittances around the globe increased at US$ 385 billion in 2007 from US$ 317 billion in 2006. But now it has reached at US$ 437 billion estimated for year 2010. It was slightly decreased by 6.5% in 2009. The reasons were the cost cutting in salaries and overtime across the globe due to recession and global fi nancial crisis, increased flow of remittances through informal mechanisms and channels like Hundi and also due to political situations in some areas.During 2007-2009, the growth rate was not at the benchmark around the world except South Asia because it contains the countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh which are the main countries of destination origin. If we compare remittance growth rate country refreshing then it has been observed that most of the remittances come from Saudi Arabia, UAE, Switzerland, Australia and North America. Remittance flow of Pakistan during the crisis grew by 17%, 23% and 7% in 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively.It has been observed that remittance flow to Pakistan has increased during and after crisis as the with the collaboration of federal Government SBP began the Pakistan Remittance Initiative (PRI) in 2009 that will surely bring the primary sack in Pakistans remittance system to enhance and assist the flow of remittances sent back home by P akistani diasporas. According to Officials of SBP and PRI, still 55% of total remittances flow through informal channel through Hundi and other means.5.2 RecommendationsIn the light of the research conducted and the interaction with the people in the field and literature look backward the following recommendations are presented in the thesis which would help SBP, PRI, Commercial Banks and other Financial Institutions to increase the flow of remittance through formal channelsFederal Government or State bank of Pakistan needs to promote the remittance sector as it has around 5% share in GDP. They should provide the incentives and demand to the companies and Diasporas (Non-Resident Pakistani Abroad) that are transporting remittances into the countryNot enough existence in overseas jurisdictions of Pakistani banks and lack of marketing efforts are major obstacles to the remittance flow. PRI should provide financial incentive schemes for overseas organizations against mobilization of additional remittances.PRI SBP should monitor the market for remittances so that they should be crystal clear and have adequate consumer safety and security.They should pass water ways to advanced the payment arrangement infrastructure that likely to enhance the competency of remittance services should be encouraged.Improve assistance made by migrant associations to expansion schemes in countries of origin. As well as help to build up associations between government officials migrant associations in countries of origin in order to facilitate improved associations among these parties and multiply the incomes available for development plans.Cash over the counter payment system should be applied to all the banks in Pakistan except the five big giant banks.To motivate the beneficiaries, SBP should introduce a customer handling system.Publicize information on investment and saving options to Diasporas via common migrant resource centers for remittances.Help build capacity for increasi ng consular services for non-resident Pakistanis, including database, so that allowing irregular Diasporas to use accessible formal remittance channels where possible.PRI and SBP should monitor the role of remittance service provider so that they should contribute aggressively in the implementation of common principles.As the percentage of remittance flowing through informal ways is quite huge so Commercial Banks with the help of PRI should create ways to downsize the frequency and flow of remittances through informal channels i.e. Hundi.

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of MeningiomaAbstractOral contraceptive pulmonary tuberculosis is a suspected risk factor for the learning of a meningioma. This is supported by meningiomas being more common in females than males, the growth of meningiomas being affected by the menstrual cycle and the presence of estrogen, progestin and androgen receptors on meningiomas. Some previous studies indicate an sleeper between current character of literal exam contraceptives and the development of a meningioma, only most studies do not show an effect and ar of low power to show an association. This case-control cultivation aims to beget out if there is an association between current or eer use of an oral contraceptive and developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal females. It also aims to bearing if this risk differs with horm one type. It does so by comparing cases in the three states of Eastern Australia of women aged between 16 and 45 who require surgical resection or bi opsy of their meningioma with world-based controls.AimsTo prove that the use of an oral contraceptive pill is a risk factor for developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal women in Australia.To determine whether the risk of a meningioma that is associated with taking oral contraceptives differs by current use, ever use and type of oral contraceptive.BackgroundCurrent oral contraceptive use is suspected to step-up the risk of meningioma, but more studies need to be do in order to confirm this association. (1) The most recent register found no increase in risk with ever use of oral contraceptives, but found an change magnitude risk in current users of an oral contraceptive with an OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.12.9 in pre-menopausal women. (1) This result is statistic all in ally significant at the 5% level.The study was a case-control study which is appropriate as the outcome is r argon and the exposure is common. The results from this study are limited from the fact that they only had 87 cas es for pre-menopausal women who were victimisation oral contraceptives, but since such(prenominal) a small sample size did pick up an association it makes it more in all likelihood to be a square association. This study had a wide variety of exposures they were flavour for and so the statistically significant results that they did publish may puzzle been due to chance from looking at so many possibilities. In regards to selection bias in this study the controls were selected by random digit dialling so this would overhear resulted in concourse who do not have access to a telephone from being excluded from the study. Controls did end up being more likely to be white, have 16 or more years of schooling and a salary greater than $75,000. If people with these characteristics are more likely to be taking oral contraceptives thereof it would have resulted in an underestimation of risk, but this was minimised through adjustment in the analysis. Also only 65% of patients and 52% of controls participated in the studyso if the ones who participated were more or less(prenominal) likely to have taken an oral contraceptive it would have an effect on the relative risk. They did compare the people who participated and those who did not with the cutn confounders of age and student residence and only the control groups differed by age with those who participated being more likely to be old. If the older people were more likely to be taking oral contraceptives it may have affected the results, but this was adjusted for in the analysis to minimise the effect. there is no mention of whether the researchers who administered the interview were blinded so if they were expecting an increased association between oral contraceptives and meningiomas they may have been more likely to find one. In terms of the generalizability of the results it was a multi-centerstudy and could be generalizable to the rest of the population in the United States. If different countries had dif ferent incidences of certain receptor subtypes of meningiomas then the relative risk may be affected so care should be taken in generalizing the results out of the country. The results cannot be generalised to the less serious meningiomas which do not need surgery as this study did not include them. other study by Michaud D.S.et al.(2010) found an OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.757.46 comparing current users of the oral contraceptive to never users. (2) This was in a big(a) likely cohort study called the EPIC cohort study. One flaw in this study was the possibility of diagnostic bias if the users of oral contraceptives were more likely to be investigated and diagnosed with a meningioma which would have increased the association. A strength of this study is the objective measuring of exposure status. They also identified a dose-response trend in pre-menopausal women using an oral contraceptive (HR 95% CI 1.21 0.36-4.06, 1.55 0.53-4.56, 2.97 1.08-8.15, 3.22 1.04-10.0, 3.60 1.00-13.0 for 1 5-10-1 5 years of use, respectively, p-trend = 0.01). (2) There have been a few other studies, but none have found a statistically significant risk. (3,4,5) These case-control and cohort studies all have a relatively small number of cases and therefore low power to pick up a true association. In the case-control trials recall bias is difficult to rule out as well as selecting a suitable population that resembles the cases. Furthermore only one of these looked for an association in those on current oral contraceptive use. This calls for a larger study with more power which can pick up an association even if it is quite small.There are a few findings that point towards a possible association between meningiomas and certain hormones. One of these is the fact that meningiomas are more common in females than males, especially in their reproductive years. (6) Another study has found oestrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors associated with some meningiomas. (7) An older study as well as a mo re recent case reports indicated that meningiomas become more symptomatic with changes in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. (8,9) These all point towards a possible association between estrogen or progestogen and meningiomas therefore it is an important area to research in order to expand knowledge on this common type of brain tumor. report DesignThe type of study design required to answer the aims is a case-control study. As developing a meningioma is a rare outcome, especially in the age group this study is based in, and the exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is common this makes a case-control study the most efficient way to study this association. Compared to a cohort study they are rapid and cost-effective as cohort studiesrequirea very large population and a long follow-up period to have enough power to detect an association. A randomised control trial would be more likely to have the results not affected by fox, but the study would be unethical.This stu dy must be based overseas in order to increase the number of cases per year. All Australian states and territories have mandatory reporting of all cancers which will allowthe identification of cases. (10) The incidence of meningioma in Australia is approximately 1.1 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 person years with a 2.61 female to male ratio. (6) For this reason and the fact that the incidence is less frequent in a younger population it requires a multi-centre approach and an across-the-board study period are needed in order to have a sufficient number of cases. The source population will beall females between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland and cases will be drawn from the cancer registry as they become available. The control group will be population-based and selected from the census. In order to determine the sample size needed for this study the biostatistician will be informed that the study needs to have a large enough power to pick up a 10% increa sed risk. The result should be statistically significant at 5%. The biostatistician needs to know the expected incidence of the meningiomas in these territories and the proportion of people expected to be using the two types of oral contraceptives. This can be found through state-specific trends or may use the mean and standard deviation from previous years data. The number of cases this study requires will determine how long the study will unfold for.In order to minimise selection bias the criteria for each of the groups needs to be strictly defined. The case criteria is a meningioma of grade I, II or trinity according to histological diagnosis by a pathologist. The exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is defined as taking any oral contraceptive for at least 3 months previous to the diagnosis or in the case of controls 3 months before entry into the study. The exposure status of ever use of an oral contraceptive is defined as if the participant ever taking a single o ral contraceptive pill. The population from which the cases arise from are all women between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. People will be excluded from the study if they do not speak English, if they have had a previous meningioma, if they have had a brain tumor of unknown pathology, if they have a diagnosed mental health condition, if they have had breast cancer and if they are from a different state or out of the country. Controls will be selected randomly and matched in terms of age, ethnicity, area of residence and socioeconomic status which are all factors that could potentially confound the relationship due to affecting the exposure and the outcome, but not being on the causal pathway between the two. A total of 4 controls will be obtained per case due to the abundance of controls and the relatively small effect of adding any more controls.The cases and controls will be contacted for club in the study through mail and if they accept to be in the study a survey will be sent that includes questions related to the confounding factors and the exposure including questions for those who have ever used an oral contraceptive for what duration and which type of oral contraceptive. Information about other possible confounding factors such as smoking status and alcohol use will also be collected. In order to make it more likely that the study participants are representative of the population the variables that are matched for in each group and the rates of smoking and alcohol use will be compared to the rates in the whole population. These variables will also be compared to those people who dropped out of the study when possible to aid in identifying a systematic difference between those who participated and those who did not. To give an change chance of patient participation a second survey will be sent to the patients if they do not respond within 2 weeks. If the participants are interviewed then the interviewer will have a priori knowledge of the group the participant is associated with and might bias the results towards a significant result.In order to minimise schooling bias the cases and controls should be blinded in regards to the aim of the study. To aid in achieving this, the survey sent out to the participants will include questions in regards to other medicines and lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking. This will prevent the study participants from falsifying their exposure status to agree with what the study is trying to find out and hence would falsely increase the negative risk. One of the largest problems in case control studies is recall bias. To help minimise it a pamphlet with the type of oral contraceptives and what they look like will be included. Everyone in the study gets the same survey and the diagnostic criteria for meningioma are the same in all centres in Australia so teaching bias from this is unlikely. There also needs to be timely addition of the cases into the cancer registry, otherwise the study will mainly look at the meningioma cases with long survival. If oral contraceptives are more likely to cause a meningioma with a worse prognosis then the risk will be lower than it really is.The results from the study will be presented asThe odds ratio reported would be after analysis to take into account that the cases each had 4 each matched controls. The adjusted OR takes into account that smoking status and alcohol use may be confounders.This study is ethically sound. It is observational so there is no intervention for the patient. It is also optional and provides no advantage or disadvantage for those participating. Confidentiality will be maintained as only study researchers will have access to the data and none of the data reported in the study will be able to be link to a specific patient.The study is feasible, but depends on the sample size that is required. In terms of cost there are no biological tests that need to be performed as all information required is obtained through a survey. The cost of mailing out the surveys and paying staff to collect the information and analyse the data must be considered and budgeted accordingly. One of the advantages of case control studies is looking at multiple exposures hence including other exposures that are of interestcould increase the value of the study and make it more cost-efficient.ImplicationsThere are many benefits to this study. As oral contraceptives are already known to increase the risk of other cancers like breast and cervical cancer, if a causal relationship is found with meningioma, this is another cancer risk that patients must be informed before taking the oral contraceptive. (11) When oral contraceptives will be linked to meningioma, prescribing patterns for those patients who are already at an increased risk for example if they had previous radiation exposure must change. Also patients who have had a previous diagnosis of meningioma would need to strong ly consider avoiding taking any oral contraception. These patients would need to find alternate treatment or alternate methods of contraception. If there is an association in the combined oral contraceptive and not the progestogen oral contraceptive this can be recommended to those at risk of developing a meningioma. Another use for determining if there is an associated risk would be through finding treatments or cures for meningiomas. If estrogen or progestogenis found to be related to the development of meningiomas further studies could find a pathway that causes this increased risk and treatments focused on disrupting this pathway may be effective.ReferencesClaus EB, Calvocoressi L, Bondy ML, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL, Schildkraut JM. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors, and risk of intracranial meningioma in females. Journal of neurosurgery. 2013118(3)649-56.Michaud DS, Gallo V, Schlehofer B, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, et al. Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers legal community a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 201019(10)2562-9.Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Casabonne D, Beral V. Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the Million Women Study cohort. Br J Cancer. 200899185190Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer. 2005114797805Johnson DR, Olson JE, Vierkant RA, Hammack JE, Wang AH, Folsom AR, et al. Risk factors for meningioma in postmenopausal women results from the Iowa Womens Health Study. NeuroOncol. 20111310111019Dobes M, Khurana VG, Shadbolt B, Jain S, Smith SF, Smee R, et al. Increasing incidence of glioblastomamultiforme and meningioma, and decreasing incidence of Schwannoma (2000-2008) Findi ngs of a multicenter Australian study. Surgical neurology international. 20112176Schnegg JF, Gomez F, LeMarchand-Beraud T, de Tribolet N. Presence of sex steroid hormone receptors in meningioma tissue. Surgical neurology. 198115(6)415-8.Bickerstaff ER, Small JM, Guest IA. The relapsing course of certain meningiomas in relation to pregnancy and menstruation. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry.Cushing H, Eisenhardt L Meningiomas Their Classification, Regional Behavior, Life History, and Surgical End Results. Springfield, Ill Charles C Thomas, 1938, 785 ppAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013) Cancer Registration in Australia, ready(prenominal) at http//www.aihw.gov.au/cancer-registration-in-australia/ (Accessed 6th April 2014).Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004 190(4 Suppl)S522.

Maya Angelou and Richard Wright: The Dream of Freedom

Maya Angelou and Richard Wright The Dream of FreedomGraduation is the best day of ever young kids life, its almost as meaning(a) as learning to watch and write. But in reference to both universe truly important, racialism and segregation has played the biggest factor of them all in both Graduation and The Library Card. Graduation, by Maya Angelou describes the anger from racism and pride of graduation day at her segregated school. Similarily, in his article, The Library Card, Richard Wright describes his struggle and frustration that he faces in the process for borrowing books due to the Jim Crow laws and his reaction towards the unfair treatment of Negros in the South. I believe that most students in the military personnel have experienced some from of racism during their school years, either from teachers, from their peers, or through with(predicate) an overt or covert curriculum. But in contrast to racism and segregation in these two essays, they both express that, in order for African Americans to survive they have to overcome far more situations than just whites., they had to show pride, self-respect, and courage to keep fighting through hard times. Both Maya Angelou and Richard Wright utilized various similar and distinct ideas. They both did not have accessibly to good procreation they both saw light down the road to further direction Due to education both started hating white Southerners both become discouraged/dissatisfied and then later look forward to being free for once in their segregated lives.Imagine how it would feel to have someone of another hightail it speak at your graduation and install your accelerate down. This is the story of Graduation written by my Angelou. In this story we see how a young desolate girl awaits with great pride and anticipation her graduation day. When the day finally arrives, her dreams and expectations or shadowed by the speech that Mr. Donleavy, a whit man, gave to the graduating class of 1940. At the an d of the story we see how the class valedictorian, Henry Reed comes back with encou infuriated word that help the entire audience become live and feel wish they war on top gin. My Angelou used a very important literary element in this story called ton.Ton is the attitude the speaker has toward themselves, their subjects, and their audience. In this case the speaker in this story is the young black girl. In the beginning of the story the black girl speaks with pride and self-confidence. He think very highly of herself when he states, I was going to be lovely. A walking modal of all the various styles of fin hand sewing and it didnt worry me that I was still twelve years old and merely graduating from the eighth grade (Angelou, pp.56-80).In the middle of the story we see that the girl is angry and disappointed at the outcome of Angelous graduation. As explained earlier, Mr. Donleavy addressed her graduating class with continuous remarks about the white class. He went on to say that the white kids were going to have a feel to become the Galileos and Madame Curies and Edisons and Gauguins (Angelou, p.23). The young girl couldnt believe what she was hearing Graduation, hush-hush magic time of frills and gifts and congratulations and diploma, was finished for me before my name was called. The accomplishments was nothing. Donleavy had exposed us. (Angelou pg. 110) In this condemnation we can actually feel the frustration and anger she felt. At the end of the story we see how her mood changed from being angry to feeling proud of herself and her race once again.This was the outcome of a poem read by her class valedictorian, Henry Reed The word of Patrick Henry had made such an impression on me that I had been able to stretch myself tall and trembling and, I know not what course others may take but as for me, give me independence or give me death (Angelou, pp.120-125). In this sentence the young girl feels proud to be black and a part of the graduating class of 19 40. She put parenthesis all the awful remarks made by Mr. Donleavy and rejoiced with the encouraging words given by Henry Reed. She was proud of her race and proud to be graduating due to her in effect(p) academic accomplishments.The Library Card, by Richard Wright had contrasted various similar ideas as to Maya Angelou. Though Wright was prohibited by the Jim Crow laws to borrow books from the depository library, he imbibed knowledge of learning to read and write from the help of Mr. Falk. Mr. Falk was an Irish Catholic and was hated by the white Southeners. To show the high degree of security Wright felt in asking Mr. Falk for his library card and for breaking the Southern White Law. Wright, a nigger boy, prefers to ask Mr. Falk to borrow his library card for H.L. Menchkens book because all of themNegros, Mr. Falk, and H.L. Menckenhave the similarity of the minor girl in Maya Angelous essay they all were hated by the white Southeners. Since both, Mr. Falk nad Wright, are hated by Southern whites, Mr. Falk would not snitch on him for having an intention to break a Southern Whites law of not allowing Negros to borrow books from the library.Like Maya Angelou, Richard Wrights only accessibility to education came from the books he borrowed from the library. As reading grew into a passion (Wright pg 431) to Wright and his capability of looking at world began to differ, he unknowingly begins to desire freedom. Wright terms desire of freedom into vague, unformed yearning (Wright 433) because he had neer before been enlightened to the freedom of such a degree as he had been from reading. This enlightenment makes him desire freedom further. However, Jim Crow laws prevented Wright from fulfilling his desire. Thus, he feels dissatisfied for being a Negro and not being able to pursue his desire. Since grey whites developed Jim Crow laws, he hates them. Wright clearly points out his hatred for southern whites when he writes I could fight the southern whites (Wright 4 34). He also hates his fellow-Negros who empowers whites over their Negro self. To show his disapproval with his fellow-Negros Wright refers to them as being cold (Wright 434). As a result, to put an end to his dissatisfaction and hate, Wright begins to plan for the trip to North (Wright 434).By the enlightenment, Richard Wright empowers himself by elevating his pride, self-respect, and courage to rebel against the southern whites. After being enlightened about how others rebelled against southern whites, Wright denies sprightliness a life of a slave and writes I would hate myself as much as those who submitted (Wright 434) to show the increment in self-respect .Wright desires to rebel against southern whites. By reading H. L. Mencken books, Wright realized how Mencken was rebelling against southern whites through his writing (Wright 428-429). Thus, by admitting that he wants to be a good writer, Wright hints of his desire to rebel against southern whites through writing. Even tho ugh Wright knows southern whites hate people who speak against them, his decision to rebel against southern whites shows his high degree of courage.Maya Angelou and Richard Wright gave a new meaning to education for all African Americans. As learning to read and write grew among slaves, it gave birth to the desire of freedom through writing rebellion, in which Richard Wright masters his own raging demon, slashing with his pen (Wright pg. 433-434) imagination. The rebellion then shapes into a revolution for equal rights and then with the little aid of Rosa Parks by not sit down and the great contribution of Dr. Martin Luther King JR. by never backing down, the revolution succeeds and gives a birth to the America of equal opportunity as cognize today. Today, Barrack Obama, an African-American, is the president of America. There is no doubt that Barrack Obamas success is the fruit of the some tree whose roots correspond to Maya Angelou and Richard Wrights struggle. They were heros to the African Americans not only for standing up and showing pride, self-respect and courage, but by enlightening the hearts with a passion to succeed forward.

Thomas Paine and Common Sense :: essays research papers

Common Sense Published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, Common Sense was an instant best-seller, both in the colonies and in Europe. It went finished several editions in Philadelphia, and was republished in all parts of United America. Because of it, Paine became internationally famous. "A Covenanted People" called Common Sense "by far the most potent tract of the American Revolution....it remains one of the most brilliant pamphlets ever written in the English language." Paines political pamphlet brought the rising revolutionary effect into sharp focus by placing blame for the suffering of the colonies directly on the reigning British monarch, George III. First and foremost, Common Sense advocated an immediate declaration of independence, putting forward a special moral duty of America to the rest of the world. Not long after publication, the spirit of Paines argument found importance in the American Declaration of Independence. Written at the begi nning of the Revolution, Common Sense became the leaven for the ferment of the times. It stirred the colonists to strengthen their resolve, resulting in the first successful anticolonial effect in modern history. Little did Paine realize that his writings would set fire to a movement that had seldom if ever been worked out in the Old solid ground sovereignty of the people and written constitutions, together with effective checks and balances in government. Paine has been described as a professional radical and a revolutionary propagandist without peer. natural in England, he was dismissed as an excise officer while lobbying for higher wages. Impressed by Paine, Benjamin Franklin sponsored Paines emigration to America in 1774. In Philadelphia Paine became a journalist and essayist, contributing articles on all subjects to The Pennsylvania Magazine.

Biotechnology- food :: essays research papers fc

Bibliography1.http//scope.educ.washington.edu/gmfood Copyright 2000-2004 by the SCOPE Research Group (UC Berkeley, UW, AAAS), all rights reserved.2.http//www.safe-food.org 3. http//www.englishnature.org.uk/news/story.asp?ID=230 1998 - 2004 English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA England4. http//www.fda.gov5. http//pewagbiotech.org/resources/factsheets/display.php3?FactsheetID=2 Copyright 2004 The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology Agricultural biotechnology is a collection of scientific techniques, including genetic engineering, that argon used to create, improve, or modify plants, animals, and microorganisms. Using conventional techniques, much(prenominal) as selective breeding, scientists have been working to improve plants and animals for human benefit for hundreds of years. Modern techniques now enable scientists to move genes (and therefore desirable traits) in shipway they could not before - and with greater ease and precision (scope.educ.washington. edu).Biotech food, which is genetically modified or genetically engineered, is grown from seeds that carry specific genes to produce desired characteristics. In the early 1990s, the first biotech food on the market was a tomato that ripened on the vine and could be transported without bruising. The products of agricultural biotechnology today include plants that ar protected from insects or are tolerant to herbicides. Biotech foods have now made their way onto our tables. More than a third of the corn and more than half of the soybeans in the 1999 U.S. harvest were grown from seeds produced using biotechnology.As biotechnology crops and foods have proliferated, so have questions and concerns. European consumers, perhaps because of unrelated food scares about diseased beef cattle and contaminated soda, are arguing to label biotech food or keep it out of stores. Consumers in the United States are starting to pay more attending to these issues. Concerns range from food safety to envi ronmental impact. Also framing the debate are ethical questions, including whether it is right to change the genetic makeup of a plant. about objections that activists raise also apply to conventional crops grown with modern high-intensity agriculture.Increasing acreage given over to GA crops is one of the most frightening aspects. The pollen from these plants butt travel miles from their host via wind and insects and fertilize other non-GA crops or related weed species growing nearby. This has already happened with canola and sugar beet. Furthermore, the genes inserted by the alteration demonstrate are more biologically vigorous and may be up to 30 times more likely to escape than the plants own genes. We have already seen this process take place with disastrous results with other exotic and invasive species such as kudzu in the south, and zebra mussels in our waterways( http//www.